GOST 32597-2013
GOST 32597−2013 Copper and copper alloys. Types of defects of billets and semi-finished
GOST 32597−2013
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Copper and copper alloys. Types of defects of billets and semi-finished
Copper and copper alloys — Defects of stocks and semifinished products
ISS 01.040.77
Date of introduction 2015−01−01
Preface
Goals, basic principles and main procedure of works on interstate standardization have been established in GOST 1.0−92 «interstate standardization system. Basic provisions» and GOST 1.2−2009 «interstate standardization system. Interstate standards. Rules and recommendations on interstate standardization. The procedure of development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation"
Data on standard
1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for standardization TC 106 «Tsvetmetprokat», Scientific-research, project and design Institute for alloys and processing of nonferrous metals open joint stock company «Institute tsvetmetobrabotka» (JSC «Institute tsvetmetobrabotka»)
2 SUBMITTED by the Technical Secretariat of the Interstate Council for standardization, Metrology and certification
3 ACCEPTED by the Interstate Council for standardization, Metrology and certification by correspondence (minutes dated December 27, 2013 N 63-P)
The standard was accepted by voting:
| Short name of the country on MK (ISO 3166) 004−97 | Country code MK (ISO 3166) 004−97 | Abbreviated name of the national authority for standardization |
| Armenia | AM | Armastajad |
| Russia | EN | Federal Agency on technical regulation and Metrology |
| Tajikistan | TJ | Tajikstandart |
4 by Order of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology, dated 30 December 2013 N 2410-St inter-state standard GOST 32597−2013 introduced as a national standard of the Russian Federation from January 01, 2015.
5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about the changes to this standard is published in the annual reference index «National standards», and the text changes and amendments — in monthly information index «National standards». In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard a notification will be published in the monthly information index «National standards». Relevant information, notification and lyrics are also posted in the information system of General use — on the official website of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology on the Internet
1 Scope
This standard specifies the types of defects of ingots, rolled and extruded billets, semi-finished and finished products of copper, Nickel, and alloys based on them: bars, rods, profiles, wire, plates, sheets, strips, tapes, tubes and tubes fittings.
The standard does not apply to defects and multilayer clad semi-finished products and semi-finished products with special surface finish (bi-metals, zinc-graphic and offset sheets, foil finish) and shaped castings.
This standard specifies technical requirements for quality of products, and establishes definitions only types of defects. Quality requirements of products set the standards for the finished product as listed in this standard, the defects are not final rejection characteristics.
2 Normative references
This standard uses the regulatory references to the following international standards:
GOST 25501−82 Blanks and semi-finished products from nonferrous metals and alloys. Terms and definitions
Note — When using this standard appropriate to test the effect of reference standards in the information system of General use — on the official website of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology on the Internet or in the annual information index «National standards» published as on January 1 of the current year, and the editions of the monthly information index «National standards» for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), when using this standard should be guided by replacing (amended) standard. If the reference standard is cancelled without replacement, then the situation in which the given link applies to the extent that does not affect this link.
3 Types of defects of the ingot that occurs in the casting and processing; defects in rolled and extruded billets and semi-products arising during processing. Terms and definitions
1 influx (the NDP. Breakthrough, Folding, NATEK): the Defect of the surface of the ingot in the form of a ledge sekretoliticheskoe metal of various sizes and shapes.
2 Nikitina (the NDP. The layering, the Baffle): surface defects in a defect of metal, leaving in the body of the ingot, usually located perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis, formed due to the merger of the metal flows during casting. Nikitina edges are not sharp, zaovalennymi.
3 fistula: The defect, which is a cavity with smooth walls and oxidized the surface of the ingot in its depth. Cavities can be spaced apart from each other or irregular groups.
4 folding (the NDP. Wrinkle, Groove, Groove): Defect surface in the form of small periodic smooth elevations and depressions on the surface of the ingot.
5 zawartych: the surface defects of the ingot in the form of advanced folding.
6 porosity of the gas (the NDP. Hesistate, Gas shell, Gas pores): a Defect in the form of small cavities, located on the volume of the ingot in any part thereof, or made from it hot-deformed workpieces.
7 shell shrinkage (the NDP. Looseness, Emptiness (s)): a Defect in the form of a cavity of various shapes with a rough, oxidized surface, sometimes in the body of the ingot.
8 porosity shrinkage: a Defect in the form of small voids, unevenly distributed throughout the volume of the ingot, or concentrated in the area of local overheating or in the axial part of the ingot.
9 Burr (the NDP. The ledge, the roll edges, Crushing end): Defect surface, which is a sharp, a ridge, a protrusion or a twisted spiral strip of metal at the cutting of the ingot or semi-finished product.
10 crack (the NDP. Tear, Torn, Tear) Defect in the form of local rupture of metal of various sizes, having any direction.
11 contaminants (the NDP. Foreign inclusions, Remains of scale, Pollution, Contamination, combustion Products, Flux inclusions, Slag inclusions, smoothed out pollution, Katanya non-metallic inclusions, Katanya metal contaminants that have Adhered shavings, Sunset chips): Defect located on the surface or inside of the ingot or semifinished product in the form of inclusions of metallic or non-metallic foreign bodies (particles).
12 sink (the NDP. Vdave from scale, Pitting, Speckles, Rabiza, Chernavina, Mechanical vdav): Defect surface in the form of grooves, having an elongated or dot shape and chaotic arrangement.
13 cosinus cutting: Deviation from perpendicularity at which the cutting plane forms with the longitudinal planes of steel angle different from 90 °.
14 dent (the NDP. Nick): Defect surface in the form of randomly-spaced local depressions of various sizes and shapes.
15 sunset: defect of a surface, representing a rolled up longitudinal projection.
16 bubble (the NDP. Swelling): Defect surface in the form of localized swelling of metal of various sizes and shapes.
17 press Utina: a Defect in the form of delamination of the metal or leakage occurring at the end of the molded product adjacent to the press-residue.
18 risk (the NDP. The groove, the Groove, the Strip): Defect surface in the form of narrow longitudinal recess or protrusion.
19 through the gap (the NDP. Hole, Fistula, Breakthrough, Hole): the Defect of the surface in the form of through discontinuities sheet, strip, tape, foil and pipes.
20 scaliness (the NDP. Fish scales, Roughness): Defect surface representing delamination and tears in the form of a grid.
21 koltsevatost: a Defect in the form of periodically repeating ridges and grooves of annular shape on the surface of semi-finished products having a circular cross-section
22 traces of edits (the NDP. Screw-thread): defect of a surface of rods and pipes in the form of recurrent bands of light annular or spiral shape.
23 that stuck (the NDP. Thimbles): a Defect in the form of a build-up layer of metal on the surface of the semi-finished product.
24 prints (the NDP. Bumps, Protrusions, Grid height, Nodules Nadawi from the rolls, Stitching, Print from rolls, Convexity, a Notch, Projections): the Defect of the surface in the form of grooves or protrusions located on the entire surface or on some of its sites.
25 nakoly (the NDP. Injections, Indentations, Punctures): surface Defects in the form of a recurrent point of the recesses or through holes.
26 us (the NDP. The ledge, Shoulders, Stripes, Perez): Defect surface, which is a longitudinal projection with one or two diametrically opposite sides of the rod or tube.
27 scale katana (the NDP. Scales depressed, Scale indentation, Scale rental, Scale retracted): Defect surface in the form of patches of residues, oxides, pressed into the metal surface during the deformation.
28 ragged edge (the NDP. Notch, Sarasi edges, Tears along the edge, the Flaw on the edges) with a Defect of the surface of a flat semifinished product in the form of rupture of the metal at the edges.
29 captivity (the NDP. Peel, Peel, roll out bubble): surface defects, delamination often azkabanu forms, partly United with the base metal.
30 bundle (the NDP. Split, Rolled bubble, Russley, Splitting, Traces of shrinkage porosity, Mechanical digging, Language, Detachment, Odlo): Defect surface in the form of a discontinuity of metal, oriented along the direction of deformation.
31 traces of adhesion: the surface defects in the form of frosted areas of sticking or detachment of the metal.
32 scratch: a Defect of a surface, representing the well a band can be irregular in shape and an arbitrary direction.
33 bullies (the NDP. Nadir Prodir, Digging): Defect surface in a wide, mainly longitudinal recess with an irregular bottom and edges.
34 spots of contamination (the NDP. Zagrevanje Grease, grease, Burnt oil, Burnt oil, Burnt emulsion, Dark spots, Residues of salts and acids, Stains after annealing, Spots after combustion, Oil, Smudges, Water spots, Coking residue, Traces of unburned lubrication): the Defect of the surface in the form of spots, stripes incrustations and stains.
35 Browning: a Defect in the form of a solid dark surface.
36 color a tint (the NDP. Medical, burn marks, Areas of different tones): Defect surface, which is a rainbow oxide film that is present on a solid surface.
37 oxidation spots: a Defect of a surface represents oxidized portions of different colors and shapes, with smooth surface.
38 copper plating (the NDP. Redness): a Defect in the form of redness areas of the blanks or semi-finished products, caused by secretion on the surface of copper.
39 of nettrav: Defect surface in the form of spots or bands of oxidation.
40 Perera: the Defect of the surface in the form of ulcers and shapes of etching.
41 krupnoporistoj (the NDP. Orange peel) with a Defect of the surface in the form of roughness with large grain.
42 warpage (waviness, warpage, deflection) (NDP. Gofr): the Deviation from flatness, in which the metal surface has a convexity and concavity in longitudinal and cross section.
43 twisting (the NDP. Infernalist Propellernet): geometric tolerance, characterized by the rotation of the cross section relative to the longitudinal axis of metal products.
44 curvature: Deviation from straightness, in which not all of the point lying on the geometrical axis of the steel, are equidistant from the horizontal or vertical plane.
45 camber (the NDP. Tape curvature, deflection): the deviation of the shape in which the edges of the sheet or strip in a horizontal plane have the shape of an arc.
46 roundness: the deviation of the shape in which the cross section of round bars represents the oval-shaped form.
47 thickness variation: Deviation form, characterized by the unevenness of thickness of steel products or parts according to width or length.
48 raznoshennoy: the Unevenness of thickness of the pipe wall in the cross section.
49 ACC (the NDP. Bend edges Bend edge Inversion edge Globcast): the deviation of the shape of bends of the end face, an edge or corner, sheet and strip.
50 edge wrinkled: the Defect shape in the form of local crushing of the edge of the flat semifinished product.
51 roll with a fold (the NDP. Folded steel coil): the Deviation of the shape of coil in which portions of the turns of the strip formed folds.
52 crumpled roll (the NDP. Swelling of the face, Splashiest): deviation from the circular cross-sectional shape of the roll.
53 splayed coil (the NDP. Fluff roll): the deviation of the shape of the coil in the form of a loosely wound strip.
54 is basically a telescoping: the deviation of the shape of the coil in the form of protrusions of the coils on the middle or inner part of the roll.
55 weak winding: a Defect in the form of a loosely spaced coils of wire on the coils.
56 loop: Local deviation from the shape of the Bay in a circle of irregular shape.
57 meprobamate surface: the Presence on the surface of the prefabricated sections not exposed or partially subjected to deformation or milling.
58 collar (the NDP. Scallop): a Sharp projection on the milled surface of the strip or ingot length.
59 groove: the machined Recess on the strip.
Annex a (informative). The explanations and drawings of the types of defects
Appendix A
(reference)
To the defect «influx» (p. 1)
Formed in case of overheating of metal; inflating the rate of withdrawal of the ingot; the wear or distortion of the mold, the displacement of the mold relative to the sleeve retainer, with uneven cooling of the ingot on the perimeter due to incorrect Assembly of the mold; the clogging of the holes of the mold for the out flow of water.
To the defect «Nikitina» (p. 2)
Formed due to the interruption of the flow of the melt in the crystallizer; sharp fluctuations of level of the melt in the mold; lowering the temperature of the melt during casting.
To the defect «fistula» (p. 3)
Formed due to high viscosity of the metal; when filling casting: due to the use of poor lubrication, over-applied layer of grease on the working surface of the mold; semi-continuous casting: due to the increased gas content of the melt during melting of the charge, lack of raskalennoi and aging the melt prior to casting, use of inappropriate fluxes.
To the defect «folding» (p. 4)
Formed from rapid cooling of the melt from the mold wall; low fluidity of the melt, due to the reduction of its temperature; fluctuations in the level of the melt in the mold.
To the defect «zavertysh» (p. 5)
Is formed by the lower fluidity of the melt by reducing its temperature; the unsatisfactory condition of working surface of crystallizer.
To the defect «porosity gas» (p. 6)
Formed due to overheating of the melt prior to casting; uneven supply of the metal in the crystallization zone of the ingot; the use of the blend components with the presence of moisture, oils, emulsions and other non-metallic inclusions, contributing to gasanalysis melt; insufficient exposure and raskalennoi of the melt before casting, during casting, the open jet.
To the defect «shell shrinkage» (p. 7)
Formed during the crystallization of metals under conditions of insufficient feeding of the melt.
To the defect «shrinkage porosity» (p. 8)
Formed during the crystallization of metals under conditions of insufficient feeding of the melt.
To the defect «Burr» (p. 9)
Is formed in the processing of the ingot or semi-finished dull cutting tool.
To the defect, «crack» (p. 10)
A crack is the center, transverse, and longitudinal.
Formed from stresses caused by structural transformations, violations of the temperature and the speed of casting and plastic deformation, heat treatment and low plastic properties of the metal.
To the defect «contaminants» (p. 11)
Formed due to the delay in the ingot, slag, flux, particles of the lining of the furnace and/or foundry equipment.
On the semi-finished product is formed due to the presence of foreign inclusions in the workpiece, lubrication and technical condition of the equipment at the stage of deformation products.
To the defect «sink» (p. 12)
Formed from rapid cooling of the melt from the mold wall; low fluidity of the melt, due to plastic deformation of ingots.
To the defect «slant cut» (p. 13)
Formed during cutting and application of inappropriate cutting tools.
To the defect «dent» (p. 14)
Is formed as a result of surface damage during transportation, straightening, warehousing, and other operations.
To the defect «sunset» (p. 15)
Is formed by the rolling of heads, coarse traces of cleaning, deep scratches.
The ribbon is formed by rolling of the folds.
To the defect «bubble» (p. 16)
Is formed by plastic forming of ingots having a large gas porosity; adhesion of grease and water ingress into the container of the press; violations of temperature-speed processing mode.
To the defect «press Utina» (p. 17)
Press Utina is a center, side, surface.
Formed as a result of non-uniformity of the expiration of the metal during the pressing.
To the defect of «risk» (p. 18)
Formed from defects on the surface of the tool.
To the defect «break through» (p. 19)
Formed due to the deformation of the workpiece with the transverse or longitudinal thickness variation, due to the presence of defects in the foundry and rolling mill of origin, or in the presence of okatannyh contaminants.
To the defect of «scaliness» (p. 20)
Is formed as a result of overheating and reduced ductility of the metal of the peripheral zone
To the defect «koltsevatost» (p. 21)
Formed during plastic deformation.
To the defect «tracks changes» (p. 22)
Is formed by misconfigured right equipment or wear of processing tools, as well as when straightening bars and tubes of high curvature.
To the defect «have adhered» (p. 23)
Is formed by violation of the temperature high-speed processing mode, the use of substandard tools or a lack of lubrication.
To the defect «fingerprints» (p. 24)
Formed of protrusions and cavities on the rolling rolls, the rolls or swaging tool.
To the defect «nakoly» (p. 25)
Formed by the buildup of abrasive particles on the surface of rollers of the rolling mills, on the lines of the etching, rewinding, cutting and stacking of flat semi-finished product.
To the defect «condition» (p. 26)
Formed due to improper flow of metal in the caliber, the caliber overflow or incorrect configuration of the rolls and roll fittings, violations of speed limits, increased wear of the tool (rolls).
To the defect «rust katana» (p. 27)
Is formed on the surface of the semifinished product during hot rolling in the presence of a large number of oxides in case of incomplete etching of the oxide after annealing and subsequent deformation.
To the defect, «the ragged edge» (p. 28)
Formed during hot rolling of the metal with reduced plastic properties in cold rolling and drawing exceeding the total degree of deformation valid for this brand of alloy flat semi-finished product.
To the defect «captivity» (p. 29)
Formed during rolling due to the presence of defects in the foundry, rolling origin and during compaction.
To the defect «stratification» (p. 30)
Formed in the presence of defects foundry origin.
To the defect «traces from sticking together» (p. 31)
Formed when unwinding or sticky svalivshihsya sites.
To the defect of «scratch» (p. 32)
Is formed by inter-turn friction, when you edit or mechanical damage, including during storage and transportation.
To the defect «bullies» (p. 33)
Formed due to friction of individual sections of prefabricated parts of technological equipment and inter-turn friction.
To the defect «spot contamination» (p. 34)
Is formed in contact with technology of lubrication, fluids and other contaminants on the surface of the product, and also as a result of their penetration.
To the defect «darkening» (p. 35)
Formed during prolonged storage outside of the corrosive environment.
To the defect «tint color» (p. 36)
Is formed on the surface of the product due to a slight oxidation and burnt grease after annealing.
To the defect «oxidation spots» (p. 37)
Formed on the surface of products during the operations of heat treatment, inadequate rinsing and drying after etching or breach of storage conditions.
To the defect «copper plating» (p. 38)
Formed as a result of violation of technological process by etching and heat treatment.
The term «nettrav» (p. 39)
Formed in incomplete or nonuniform etching of the oxidized surface of the product.
To the defect «Pereriv» (p. 40)
Is formed as a result of violation of technological process of etching.
To the defect «krupnoporistoj» (p. 41)
Formed due to overheating of the metal.
To the defect «nalokotniki (waviness, warpage, deflection)» (p. 42)
Formed due to uneven compression across the width of the semi-finished product, when you use the wrong tool, tooling and workpiece.
To the defect «twisting» (p. 43)
Formed as a result of improperly manufactured or installed tool.
To the defect «curvature» (p. 44)
Formed due to uneven heating of the ingot cross section, when using a non-compliant workpiece and tool, irregularities in the configuration of tooling and equipment and incorrect tool settings.
To the defect «camber» (p. 45)
Formed due to uneven deformation in the width of the flat semifinished product and the displacement of the sheet or tape during longitudinal cutting.
To the defect «ovality» (p. 46)
Formed during deformation of the metal due to incorrect equipment setup, poor quality instrument.
To the defect of «thickness variation» (p. 47)
Formed from runout and profile rolls and violations of the conditions of rolling, the use of an inappropriate tool. Also shown in cross-section ingots in the form of differences in the height of its end faces. Due to the failure of the crystallizer in terms of its geometric dimensions.
To the defect «raznostnoi» (p. 48)
Formed during the pressing due to the misalignment of the matrix and the needles that occurs when needle deflection from the axis when the firmware of the ingot, when working on the worn sleeve of the container and the washers.
To the defect «ACC» (p. 49)
Is formed by passing the metal through a narrow wiring, the offset of the flange during winding of the roll or if you have misconfigured the cutting unit.
To the defect «edge wrinkled» (p. 50)
Formed by mechanical damage.
To the defect «roll pleat» (p. 51)
Formed during winding of the tape.
To the defect «crumpled coil» (p. 52)
Formed at a weak winding of the tape during stacking or transporting bales.
To the defect «sweet roll» (p. 53)
Formed at a weak binding of the roll; the violation of the conditions of transportation.
To the defect «is basically a telescoping» (p. 54)
Is formed due to the not regulated setup on the winding machine and increased camber.
To the defect «weak wind» (p. 55)
Is formed with an insufficient winding tension.
To the defect «loop» (p. 56)
Is formed by the concurrence of the velocity of the speed of winding.
To the defect «meprobamate the surface» (p. 57)
Is formed by the non-pressing tool and the presence of thickness variation of the semi-finished product.
To the defect «collar» (p. 58)
Formed by the poor workmanship of the knives of the cutter.
To the defect «groove» (p. 59)
Formed from nominated in the cutting process of knife cutter.
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UDK 669.2/8:006.354 ISS 01.040.77
Key words: Types of defects, blanks, semi-finished products, non-ferrous metals and alloys, ingots, casting, machining, rolled and extruded billets.
