GOST 9816.0-2014

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  ГОСТ 9816.0-2014

GOST 9816.0−2014 Tellurium technical. General requirements for methods of analysis

GOST 9816.0−2014

INTERSTATE STANDARD

TELLURIUM TECHNICAL

General requirements for methods of analysis

Tellurium technical. General requirements for methods of analysis

ISS 77.120.99

Date of introduction 2015−09−01

Preface

Goals, basic principles and main procedure of works on interstate standardization have been established in GOST 1.0−92 «interstate standardization system. Basic provisions» and GOST 1.2−2009 «interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations on interstate standardization. Rules of development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation"

Data on standard

1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for standardization TC 368 «Copper"

2 recorded by the Interstate technical Committee for standardization MTK 503 «Copper"

3 ACCEPTED by the Interstate Council for standardization, Metrology and certification (Protocol dated 30 may 2014 No. 67-P)

The adoption voted:

4 by Order of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology dated 26 November 2014 N 1765-St inter-state standard GOST 9816.0−2014 introduced as the national standard of the Russian Federation from September 1, 2015.

5 REPLACE GOST 9816.0−84


Information about the changes to this standard is published in the annual reference index «National standards», and the text changes and amendments — in monthly information index «National standards». In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard a notification will be published in the monthly information index «National standards». Relevant information, notification and lyrics are also posted in the information system of General use — on the official website of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology on the Internet

1 Scope

This standard establishes General requirements for methods of measuring the mass fraction of tellurium and impurities in the technical tellurium, and safety requirements.

2 Normative references

This standard uses the regulatory references to the following international standards:

GOST 8.010−99* State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The techniques of measurements. The main provisions of the
________________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST R 8.563−2009 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Techniques (methods) of measurements.


GOST 8.315−97 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Standard samples of composition and properties of substances and materials. The main provisions of the

GOST 12.0.004−90 System of standards of occupational safety. Organization of training safety. General provisions

GOST 12.1.004−91 System safety standards. Fire safety. General requirements

GOST 12.1.005−88 standards System of labor safety. General hygiene requirements for working zone air

GOST 12.1.007−76 System of standards of occupational safety. Harmful substances. Classification and General safety requirements

GOST 12.1.010−76 System of standards of occupational safety. No danger of explosion. General requirements

GOST 12.1.016−79 System of standards of occupational safety. The air of the working area. Requirements for measurement techniques of concentrations of harmful substances

GOST 12.1.030−81 System of standards of occupational safety. Electrical safety. Protective grounding, neutral earthing

GOST 12.2.007.0−75 System safety standards. Products electrical. General safety requirements

12.4.009 GOST-83 System of standards of occupational safety. Fire fighting equipment for protection of objects. Principal. The accommodation and service

GOST 12.4.011−89 System safety standards. Means of protection of workers. General requirements and classification

GOST 12.4.021−75 System safety standards. System ventilation. General requirements

GOST 12.4.068−79 System of standards of occupational safety. PPE dermatological. Classification and General requirements

GOST 1770−74 laboratory Glassware measuring glass. Cylinders, beakers, flasks, test tubes. General specifications

GOST 4212−76 Reagents. Methods of preparation of solutions for colorimetric and nephelometric analysis

GOST 4517−87 Reagents. Methods for the preparation of accessory reagents and solutions used in the analysis

GOST 4919.1−77 Reagents and highly purified substances. Methods of preparation of solutions of indicators

GOST 4919.2−77 Reagents and highly purified substances. Methods for the preparation of buffer solutions

GOST 6709−72 distilled Water. Specifications

GOST 9147−80 Glassware and equipment lab porcelain. Specifications

GOST 17614−80 Tellurium technical. Specifications

GOST 19908−90 Crucibles, bowls, beakers, flasks, funnels, test tubes and caps made of transparent quartz glass. General specifications

GOST 24104−2001* laboratory Scales. General technical requirements
________________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST R 53228−2008 Scales non-automatic actions. Part 1. Metrological and technical requirements. Test.


GOST 25086−2011 non-ferrous metals and their alloys. General requirements for methods of analysis

GOST 25336−82 Glassware and equipment laboratory glass. The types, basic parameters and dimensions

GOST 25794.1−83 Reagents. Methods for the preparation of titrated solutions for acid-base titration

GOST 25794.2−83 Reagents. Methods for the preparation of titrated solutions for redox titration

GOST 25794.3−83 Reagents. Methods for the preparation of titrated solutions for titration by precipitation, non-aqueous titration and other methods

GOST 27025−86 Reagents. General instructions for testing

GOST 29169−91 (ISO 648−77) oils. Pipette with one mark

GOST 29227−91 (ISO 835−1-81) oils. Pipettes are graduated. Part 1. General requirements

GOST 29228−91 (ISO 835−2-81) oils. Pipettes are graduated. Part 2. Pipettes graduated without a set timeout

GOST 29229−91 (ISO 835−3-81) oils. Pipettes are graduated. Part 3. Pipettes graduated with a standby time of 15 s

GOST 29251−91 (ISO 385−1-84) oils. Burette. Part 1. General requirements

GOST ISO 5725−1-2003* Accuracy (trueness and precision) of methods and measurement results. Part 1. General provisions and definitions
________________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST R ISO 5725−1-2002 «Accuracy (trueness and precision) of methods and measurement results. Part 1. General provisions and definitions».


GOST ISO 5725−6-2003* Accuracy (trueness and precision) of methods and measurement results. Part 6. The use of precision values in practice
________________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST R ISO 5725−6-2002 «Accuracy (trueness and precision) of methods and measurement results. Part 6. The use of precision values in practice».


ST SEV 543−77 Number. Record rules and rounding

Note — When using this standard appropriate to test the effect of reference standards for the sign «National standards» drawn up as of January 1 of the current year and related information signs, published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), when using this standard should be guided by replacing (amended) standard. If the reference standard is cancelled without replacement, then the situation in which the given link applies to the extent that does not affect this link.

3 Terms, abbreviations,

3.1 this standard applies the terminology according to GOST 25086, GOST, ISO 5725−1.

3.2 this standard applies the following abbreviations:

4 General provisions

Measurement techniques used in the quality control technical tellurium must meet the requirements of GOST 8.010, GOST, ISO 5725−1, GOST ISO 5725−6 and of this standard.

5 requirements for the selection and preparation of samples

The selection and preparation of samples technical tellurium is carried out according to GOST 17614.

6 Requirements for laboratory buildings

6.1 Analytical work must be performed in special laboratory premises.

6.2 Laboratory premises should be provided with General dilution ventilation natural and artificial ventilation and local ventilation system according to GOST 12.4.021.

The air content of harmful substances must meet the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 and GOST 12.1.007.

6.3 desktops, workers and fume hoods, designed to work with flammable and explosive substances must be covered with fireproof materials, but when working with acids, alkalis and other chemically active substances — materials resistant to their effects.

6.4 Coverage of laboratory facilities must conform to [1].

6.5 In the workplace when performing the measurement process, when working with solutions, weighing samples, conducting operations on the filter setting of the mass concentration of solutions should be ensured that appropriate sanitary standards [2].

7 Requirements for measuring instruments, auxiliary equipment, materials

7.1 When measured use laboratory scales according to GOST 24104. The class of accuracy of scales must be specified in the measurement technique.

A lot of batches of samples of substances for the preparation of solutions of known concentration, bulk precipitation gravimetric method of measurement measured with an accuracy of four decimal places.

7.2 For the measurement of time intervals less than 5 min used an hourglass or a stopwatch, 5 min, timers or clocks of any type.

7.3 are used For drying laboratory ovens, providing lower heating temperature (250±3)°C. For dissolution and evaporation of solutions used electric stoves with a closed heating element for the heating temperature to 400 °C.

7.4 For the decomposition of samples allowed the use of microwave decomposition of samples of any brand or other systems of decomposition, providing a complete conversion of analyte into the solution.

7.5 For measurements use a measuring laboratory glassware not lower than 2nd accuracy class according to GOST 1770, 29169 GOST, GOST 29227, 29251 GOST, GOST 29228, 29229 GOST, utensils and equipment according to GOST 25336, crockery and equipment (crucibles, boats, inserts for desiccators, etc.) according to GOST 9147 and quartz ware according to GOST 19908.

7.6 means of the measurement Used must have valid calibration certificates and/or certificates of calibration test equipment must be certified.

7.7 allowed to use along with the equipment specified in the method of measurement, other measuring instruments, test equipment, auxiliary devices, providing measurements with the set in particular the method error (uncertainty).

8 Reagents and solutions

8.1 reagents Used should have the qualification «pure for analysis» (h. d. a.). Allowed the use of the reagents lower qualifications provided that the metrological characteristics of the measurement results, normalized to the measurement technique. Mandatory application of reagents a higher qualification stipulated in the measurement procedure.

8.2 For each unit of consumer packaging of chemical reagents and especially pure substance should be attached label indicating the name of the reagent/substance, to the designation of the appropriate normative document for the chemical/substance, qualification, date of manufacture, shelf life of the reagent.

8.3 verification of the fitness for use of laboratory reagents with the expired period of storage should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of [3] or the procedure provided in the lab.

If necessary:

— the label should be affixed indicating the special storage conditions reagent/substance;

— the label must be protected from external influences.

8.4 To prepare the analyzed solutions and solutions of reagents using distilled water according to GOST 6709 or water for laboratory analysis of the 2nd grade.

The necessity of more clean water set in the measurement technique.

8.5 For the preparation of solutions of known concentration are used metals or reagents training not less than «chemically pure» (H. h), with a mass fraction of basic substance is no less than 99.9%. The required accuracy of weighing and volume measurement result in the measurement technique. Unless otherwise specified, the mass of the substance measured with an accuracy of four decimal places.

Mass concentration of solution , g/cm(mg/cm, µg/cm, g/DMmg/DM), calculated according to the formula

, (1)

where is the mass of the component (metal) or compounds (oxide, salt), taken to prepare the solution, g (mg, mcg);

 — the ratio of the substance taken for preparation of a solution of the compound (component), which is used to calculate the concentration of the solution, (if the composition of these compounds are the same, then =1);

 — the solution volume, cm(DM).

Allowed for the preparation of solutions of known concentration to use WITH, certified for this component. The error of establishing the mass fraction of component in the standard sample shall not exceed one-third of the error of the used measurement techniques.

Mass concentration of solution , g/cm(mg/cm, µg/cm, g/DMmg/DM), in this case, is calculated by the formula

, (2)

where is the mass, g (mg, mcg);

 — certified value mass fraction of component, %;

 — the solution volume, cm(DM).

8.6 Mass concentration of a solution defined by a component set not less than three batches of a substance (if the technique is not laid different number of batches) and expressed in grams of matter 1 cmof solution (g/cm). For the mass concentration of the solution take the average value obtained from the titration results. The calculated values are rounded to the fourth significant digit after the decimal point.

8.7 To establish the mass concentration of the solution used:

— metals or reagents training not less than «chemically pure» (H. h), with a mass fraction of basic substance is no less than 99.9%;

— Composition of the certified to the designated component;

— aliquots of solutions of known concentration;

— AC, prepared according to [4].

8.8 Solutions of chemical reagents prepared in accordance with GOST 4212, GOST 4517, 4919.1 GOST, GOST 4919.2, 25794.1 GOST, GOST 25794.2, 25794.3 GOST, GOST 27025.

8.9 taking measurements and preparation of solutions after each addition of the reagent the solution was stirred.

8.10 the Degree of dilution of acids and solutions point to the formula A: B (e.g. 1:1), where «A» is the volumetric part of the dilute concentrated solution, B is the volume of the solvent.

If the methodology does not specify the concentration of the acid or an aqueous solution of ammonia, then use concentrated acid or concentrated ammonia solution.

8.11 the Terms related to the degree of heating of water (solution) and the duration of the operations — according to GOST 27025:

— «the solution at room temperature» — a solution has a temperature from 15 °C to 25 °C;

— «moderately warm solution» — a solution has a temperature from 25 °C to 40 °C;

warm solution has a temperature of from 40 °C to 75 °C.

— «hot water» (solution) — water (solution) has a temperature of above 75 °C.

The term «cooling» means cooling to a temperature of from 15 °C to 25 °C.

The term «heating» means heating to a temperature above 75 °C.

8.12 Storage of solutions and reagents in accordance with GOST 4212 if no other guidelines apply:

— solutions should be stored at temperature from 15 °C to 25 °C in tightly closed plastic or glass bottles (flasks) with tubes in places protected from direct sunlight. The containers must be label indicating the name, concentration, date of preparation and expiration date;

the solutions of decomposing under the action of light, kept in jars of dark glass or colorless glass that has a light coating or wrapped in lightproof film (paper);

the solutions of the mass concentration of 1 mg/cmkeep 1 year;

the solutions of the mass concentration of 0.1 mg/cm — 3 months;

the solutions of the mass concentration of 0.01* mg/cmand more diluted using freshly prepared (freshly prepared solution — a solution made of no more than 8 hours before using it).
___________________
* The text of the document matches the original. — Note the manufacturer’s database.


If the storage solution has appeared clouding, flakes of sediment, then replace it with freshly prepared.

8.13 Solutions indicators prepared in accordance with the requirements of GOST 4919.1 and measurement techniques.

9 Requirements for performance measurement

9.1 Mass fraction of each component in the sample is determined in parallel (or independently) in two batches, unless otherwise noted in the measurement procedure, with the exception of the mass fraction of tellurium (determined in three batches). Simultaneously with the measurements in the same conditions, hold the control (blank) experience for an amendment to the measurement results.

9.2 Mass fraction of the component should be calculated using the calibration characteristics (GC) — dependence of analytical signal on the concentration of analyte. In accordance with [5], GC can be represented by a table, a graph (built with smoothing or without smoothing), formula (in analytical form).

Note — depending on the kind of expression GC use definitions: calibration table calibration curve; the calibration function.


The method and the conditions of constructing GC (choice of analytical signal, the number of points required for constructing a calibration chart, etc.) indicated in the specific standard for the measurement method.

9.3 To build the GC uses different calibration samples: the solutions of mass (molar) concentration.

Note — Variations of the calibration are calibration sample solution and the calibration mixture.

9.4 Calibration curve built in the system of rectangular coordinates: the abscissa shows the delay numeric value of mass fraction or mass of analyte, and the axis of ordinates the value of the analytical signal or the function from it.

9.5 For the construction of calibration curve requires at least three calibration points, each of which is based on the arithmetic mean of the results of two parallel measurements, unless otherwise indicated in the methodology. The calibration points should be evenly distributed across the measuring range to cover the desired interval definitions.

9.6 Calibration solutions and the calibration mixture prepared in accordance with the method of measurement.

9.7 allowed the construction of the calibration graphs and calculating results of measurements carried out with the help of software of measuring instruments.

9.8 allowed prior plotting, in the presence of their stability in time and periodic checks OK.

9.9 Number of measurements of the analytical signal of the investigated solution is determined by the requirements of specific measurement techniques. The number of dimensions of the analytical signal can vary depending on the business need (analysis, stability measurements, etc.).

9.10 permitted to conduct sequential or parallel measurement of different methods several components from one sample of the sample after decomposition, if you do not need to change the further course of the analysis and ensured the achievement of the metrological characteristics specified in specific standards for measurement methods.

9.11 Analytical instruments ready to work under instructions on their operation.

9.12 When using instrumental methods of measurement, it is necessary to choose optimal conditions of measurement of the analytical signal provides the necessary sensitivity and accuracy depending on the method applied, the type of device, defined by the component and its mass fraction in the sample.

9.13 When you use photometric methods of measurements of the thickness of the absorbing layer of the cell are selected such as to provide measurements in an optimal optical densities for the applied means of measurement.

9.14 in determining the method of atomic absorption wavelength, the composition of the gas flame, a reducing or oxidizing action of the flame, turn the burner and other measurement conditions are chosen to achieve optimal measurement sensitivity and accuracy for the relevant component and device.

9.15 When using spectral methods of measurement are achieved if the metrological characteristics specified in the measurement methods are allowed:

— to use when measuring the absorption of different resonance spectral lines;

— use automated build system calibration charts, measurements in automated mode with the results of the measurements on paper or electronic media;

— consistently determine multiple components in one test portion of the sample after decomposition and appropriate dilution of the sample solution so that the mass concentration (mass) detectable component therein was in the range of mass concentrations (mass) calibration curve.

9.16 allowed to apply along with the means of measurement specified in the measurement procedure, other measurements of this type, providing metrological characteristics of the measurement results.

10 Requirements for processing and representation of measurement results

10.1 For the results of the measurements take the average value (arithmetic mean value or median) of the results of parallel measurements. The number of parallel measurements, to be averaged when calculating the measurement point in the measurement technique.

The numerical value of the measurement result must end with the digit the same category as the value of the index exactly indicated in the measurement technique.

10.2 the Discrepancy between the highest and lowest results of parallel measurements when measuring samples at a confidence probability P=0.95 does not exceed the limit of repeatability (n=2) or (n>2), the value of which is contained in the measurement technique.

If the discrepancy between the highest and lowest results of parallel measurements exceeds the value , the measurement is repeated, the test of admissibility is carried out according to the method of measurement or can be used methods for testing the acceptability of the results of parallel measurements and establishing the final result in accordance with GOST ISO 5725−6 and GOST 25086 (Appendix A).

Allowed to present for the individual values mass fraction, and calculate the values for the intermediate mass fraction by linear interpolation.

It is allowed to insert in the form of equations or tables that includes the whole interval of the mass fraction of the designated component to be mounted in the measurement technique and divided into putinterval, in which the appropriate values can be assumed constant.

Note — If determination is performed in terms of a type of intermediate precision, limit of repeatability should be replaced by the limit of intermediate precision.

10.3 Rounding of the measurement results is carried out in accordance with the requirements of ST CMEA 543.

11 Methods of verification of admissibility of the results of measurements obtained in conditions of repeatability and reproducibility

11.1 checking the admissibility of the results of parallel measurements, obtained in conditions of repeatability, is carried out for every measurement result of the working samples.

11.2 procedure for checking the admissibility of the results of parallel measurements involves comparing the absolute differences between the highest and lowest -the single measurements (assays) , performed in accordance with the method of measurement, limit of repeatability .

If the condition

, (3)

then the measurement result should be the arithmetic mean value of n -single measurements (=1, …, ).

If the condition (3) is not met, the analysis is repeated, or can be used methods for assessing the acceptability of the results of measurements according to GOST ISO 5725−6 (paragraph 5.2).

11.3 Discrepancy between the results of measurements obtained in two laboratories, should not exceed the limit of reproducibility. If this condition is acceptable both measurement and as a final can be used their common arithmetic mean value.

If you exceed the limit of reproducibility can be used methods for assessing the acceptability of the results of measurements according to GOST ISO 5725−6.

11.4 In assessing the admissibility of the two measurement results obtained by one method with different values of precision (if the interval representation), limit of repeatability , intermediate precision and reproducibility is calculated according to the formulas:

, (4)

where and  — the limits of repeatability corresponding to the values determined by the component in the sample;

, (5)

where and  — the limits of intermediate precision;

, (6)

where and indicators of reproducibility.

12 accuracy Control of measurement results in the laboratory

12.1 accuracy Control of measurement results within a laboratory exercise for measurement procedures with established indices of accuracy (correctness and precision) and approved for use in the prescribed manner in accordance with GOST 8.010.

12.2 During the implementation of the measurement methods in the laboratory provide operational control of the measurement procedure and control of stability of measurement results.

Algorithm for operational control procedures measurement result in the internal documents of the laboratory.

Control procedures stability measurements reglamentary in the documents of the laboratory.

12.3 as a means of control can be used:

— samples for control (s): standard samples (SS) according to GOST 8.315 or certified mixture (AC) [4];
-
— working samples with known additive detectable component;

— working samples of a stable composition;

— other methods of measurement with the established indices of accuracy (control of measurement).

12.4 measurement procedures with the use of OK is to compare the result of the control determining the certified properties of the specimen to control with the certified value in [6]. At the same time OK must be adequate to the analyzed samples (possible differences in the compositions of the analyzed samples should not contribute to the measurement results statistically significant error). The error of the certified value of CR should be not more than one-third of the accuracy specifications of the measurement results.

If during the inspection, apply the OK, which are not used for establishing the measure of the accuracy of measurement results in case of exceeding the error of the OK one third of the error of measurement allowed to calculate the control ratio according to the formula

, (7)

where  — error certified value is OK;

 — the indicator of the accuracy of measurement results corresponding to the certified value approx.

The calibration feature recognize stable under the condition:

, (8)

where  — was found in the calibration chart value of the mass concentration of the component in the calibration sample;

 — certified value of the mass concentration of the component in the calibration sample;

the value of the standard stability control calibration curve established in the laboratory by construction of calibration curve.

12.5 Operational control procedures measurement using the method supplements test method of measurement method or sample dilution implemented in accordance with the algorithms given in [6].

In the implementation of operational control procedures measurement using the method of supplementation provided , if  — mass fraction determined by impurities in the sample, the lower limit is determined by the concentration, the amount of additives should be 2−3 times the value .

Monitoring is carried out by comparing the results of control treatments with a standard control .

The result of the control procedure, is calculated by the formula

, (9)

where  — mass fraction of impurities determined in the sample with the additive;

 — the value of supplements;

 — value characteristics error of the measurement result corresponding to the mass fraction of impurities determined in the sample to the lower limit of the concentration detected in the sample (the sample with the additive, respectively).

If the result of the control procedure that satisfies the condition , the procedure of measurements confirmed to be satisfactory.

Allowed to use other methods of operational control of the measurement procedure.

Operational control procedures measurement using the method supplements test method of measurement method or sample dilution implemented in accordance with the algorithms given in [6]. Allowed to use other methods of operational control of the measurement procedure.

12.6 To check the stability of the measurement results within the lab using the control procedure according to GOST ISO 5725−6 [6].

12.7 the Choice of control method depends on the analyzed objects and indicators, measurement techniques, cost and duration of measurements, etc.

13 Making measurements

The measurement results take the arithmetic mean of the results of parallel measurements.

The results of the measurements are in the form of (at confidence probability P=0,95),

where the result of measurement, %;

 — characteristics of the measurement error, %.

The value «» given in a particular method of measurement.

Note — If the final result of the measurement take the median values of critical difference and accuracy specifications calculated in accordance with GOST ISO 5725−6.


Rounding of the measurement results is carried out in accordance with the requirements of ST CMEA 543.

14 security Requirements

14.1 Preparation of samples for measurements, the measurements (dissolution in acids, alkalis etc.) and all the operations of chemical analysis related to the release of toxic fumes or gases should be performed in fume cupboards or boxes equipped with local suction device according to GOST 12.4.021.

In laboratory premises allowed to store chemicals in a Cabinet, equipped with a ventilation system with corrosion-resistant coating, in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.021.

14.2 Laboratory areas should be equipped with General dilution ventilation system according to GOST 12.4.021.

14.3 When performing measurements in workplace air can be harmful substances, maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in air of working zone should correspond to GOST 12.1.005 and hygienic standards [7].

14.4 Control of content of harmful substances in the air of working zone should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005, GOST 12.1.007 and GOST 12.1.016.

14.5 Laboratory facilities which perform work on the chemical analysis of the investigated material must meet fire safety requirements according to GOST 12.1.004 and rules [8]. The means and methods of fire suppression should be applied according to the GOST 12.4.009 depending on the origin and nature of the fire.

14.6 When working with flammable and explosive gases should comply with the requirements of GOST 12.1.004 and GOST 12.1.010. When you use gases in cylinders must comply with the regulations [9]*.
________________
* See Bibliography. — Note the manufacturer’s database.

14.7 Electrical instrumentation and laboratory equipment, and the terms of use must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.1.030, GOST 12.2.007.0. Grounding shall conform to the requirements of regulation [10].

14.8 learning and test knowledge of employees with requirements of labour safety — according to GOST 12.0.004.

14.9 the Staff of the laboratory should be provided with special clothing, special footwear and other means of individual protection in accordance with GOST 12.4.011, GOST 12.4.068 and rules and regulations adopted on the territory of the CIS.

14.10 laboratory Personnel must be provided with sanitary-household premises in the group production processes 3A in accordance with [11].

14.11 When transferring bottles with acids, alkalis and ammonia must be provided reliable protection of the container against damage (crates, baskets with shavings).

14.12 When using source materials that have hazardous properties should comply with the safety requirements regulated by normative documents to the appropriate reagents.

14.13 Each source of spectra excitation must have the metal cover or screen for protection against electromagnetic and ultraviolet radiation, electroablation for protection against accidental touching of live parts.

14.14 Waste acid and alkali should be collected separately in special containers; after neutralizing, drain into the sewer or in accordance with local conditions in the designated place.

14.15 When measured with the use of solvents or chlorine derivatives of hydrocarbons it is necessary to use personal protective equipment, taking account of the ways of penetration of these substances into the body (e.g. through the skin, respiratory tract).

14.16 Illumination of workplaces must comply with the requirements of sanitary rules and norms on the territory of the CIS.

Bibliography