_______________

* If in the same stream sequentially or simultaneously performed several unlike operations (for example: sludge and squeezing, podcatch, distillation and embossed molding, etc.), ensuring the production of pressed blanks, the term «forging» may be applied to the names specified set of transactions.

THE SEPARATION OPERATION

Complete separation of the billet for open circuit* by shifting

_______________

* Here and further the circuit is considered in the plane perpendicular to the direction of movement of the tool.

The division of the workpiece into open loop by shifting

Complete separation of the product from an initial billet in a closed loop by shifting

Incomplete separation of the workpiece or product by shifting

Education in the workpiece hole without removal of metals in waste

13. Punching

NDP. Notch

Cutting

Notch

Box

Serif

The recess

Education in the workpiece hole or groove by shifting with the removal of the metal parts in the waste

Removal of excess metal by shifting

Removing technological allowances with a stamp with the formation of the chip to improve dimensional accuracy and reduce surface roughness drop-forged or lesostepnogo products

Complete separation of the workpiece or product from the initial billet in a closed circuit by introducing a tool

Hole formation in the forging by applying the tool to remove a portion of metals in waste

The formation of grooves on the workpiece due to the introduction of blacksmith tools on a partial thickness of the workpiece

Complete separation of the workpiece along the contour of the open injection tool

The forgings division into parts by introducing a tool

The division of the billet into pieces by destruction curve

FORMOIZMENENIYA OPERATIONS

The formation of relief in the blank sheet at the expense of local strains caused no changes in the thickness of the metal

The formation of the hollow article from a flat sheet or hollow original workpiece

Education or changing angles between the parts of the workpiece or giving it a curved shape

The formation of the rounded flanges at the edges of the pierced billet or article

The formation curves at the ends of the flat workpiece or the workpiece from the wire

The formation on the surface of the workpiece or article relief images due to the redistribution of metal

Formation of point-recesses on the workpiece or product

Education Board in the internal contour of the workpiece or product

Reducing the size of the cross section part of a hollow workpiece by simultaneous exposure of the tool around its entire perimeter

The increase in the size of the cross section part of a hollow workpiece by simultaneous exposure of the tool around the perimeter

The rotation of the billet around its longitudinal axis

Education of the workpiece a predetermined shape by the application of tensile forces to the edges

Improving the accuracy of the sizes drop-forged or lesostepnogo products and (or) reduction of surface roughness

Correcting the distortion of the shape of the workpiece or article

The displacement of the metal of the initial billet into the cavity and (or) hole Creek stamp

Reducing the cross sectional area of the workpiece while pushing it through the control matrix, force directed along the axis of the workpiece

Education non-through cavity in the workpiece due to the free displacement of the metal

The elongation of the workpiece or its part by reducing the cross sectional area of

Reducing the height of the workpiece by increasing the area of its cross section

The sediment of the workpiece

The increase in diameter of the annular workpiece when it rotates on the mandrel by reducing wall thickness by successive impact tool

Increasing the area of the cross section of the workpiece at selected sites by reducing the cross sectional area of the initial billet in other areas with a slight elongation of the workpiece

Making procurement a cylindrical shape by deformation, alternating with the turns of the workpiece around its axis

The increase in size in terms of the workpiece or its part by reducing the thickness

Reducing the cross sectional area of the workpiece under the influence of moving in the radial direction of the tool during relative rotation of workpiece and tool

The elimination of irregularities of the surface of the workpiece a consistent local deformation

The displacement of one side of the work piece relative to the other while maintaining parallelism of the axes or planes of the parts of the workpiece

Education on the workpiece thread, shallow riffles, teeth continuous exposure tool

When forging and stamping volumetric — the ratio of the mass of the workpiece to weight of material used for their manufacture; sheet stamping is the ratio of the mass of components made from single source procurement, to the mass of the original steel.

Note. When forging and bulk forming under the mass of material understand the exact or random weight bar or other range, entering a first technological operation — the cutting on the workpiece during sheet forming under the weight of the initial billet is understand a lot of strips of the sheet or card, roll or piece of tape coming into the first technological operation — cutting or cut

,

where  — coefficient of the cutting after forging or stamping three-dimensional;  — the mass of the workpiece;  — the number of blanks made of a material;  — mass of material

,

where  — coefficient of the cutting in sheet stamping;  — mass of the part;  — the number of parts made from the original billet;  — weight of the initial billet

The ratio of the mass of forgings made from one workpiece to the workpiece weight

,

where  — coefficient accuracy of the work piece; is the mass of forgings;  — the number of forgings produced from one workpiece  — workpiece weight

The ratio of the mass of components made from a single forging, weight forging

,

where  — coefficient precision forgings  — part mass;  — the number of parts made from the same forgings  — forging weight

The ratio of the mass of the forging to the rate of flow of the metal parts are made from single forgings.

Note. The rate of consumption of metal for one detail understand the ratio of the mass of metal to the amount made from it parts

,

where the yield of forgings;  — the mass of forgings;  — the norm of consumption of metal for one detail;  — the number of parts made from the same forgings

,

where the yield of forgings;  — the coefficient of the cutting;  — the coefficient of the workpiece precision

The ratio of the mass of the part to the flow rate of the metal on one detail

,

where is the utilization rate of metal; the mass of the part;  — the norm of consumption of metal for one detail.

When forging and bulk forming the metal recovery factor can be calculated by the formula:

*,

where  — coefficient of metal use;  — coefficient of the cutting;  — the accuracy factor of the model;  — coefficient precision forgings;  — the yield of forgings

Deforestation in a comprehensive uneven compression in the zone of separation material

Punching in a comprehensive uneven compression in the zone of separation material

Hood due to relative rotation of tool and workpiece

Hood pierced billet to reduce the thickness of the walls of the original hollow workpiece without changing its internal diameter

Hood flat or hollow billet with a given wall thickness reduction or change in diameter of the pierced billet

Squeezing with simultaneous application to the ends of the billet torque about its axis due to the rotation of the tool

Upsetting the billet tool, continuously rotating about two intersecting axes