GOST 1497-84
GOST 1497−84 (ISO 6892−84, ST SEV 471−88) Metals. Test methods tensile (with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3)
GOST 1497−84
(ISO 6892−84)
Group B09
INTERSTATE STANDARD
METALS
Test methods tensile
Metals. Methods of tension test
ISS 77.040.10
AXTU 0909
Date of introduction 1986−01−01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of ferrous metallurgy of the USSR
DEVELOPERS
V. I. Matorin, B. M. Ovsyannikov, V. D. Khromov, N. Berun, A. V. Minashin, E. D. Petrenko, V. I. Chebotarev, M. F. Gambus, V. G. Gachelin, A. V. Bogacheva
2. APPROVED AND put INTO EFFECT by decision of the USSR State Committee for standards from
3. REPLACE GOST 1497−73
4. The standard fully complies ST SEV 471−88 and meets ISO 6892−84* essence of method, testing and processing the results of the tests of metals and products from them the smallest size in the cross section of 3.0 mm and more
________________
* Access to international and foreign documents can be obtained by clicking on the link, here and hereafter. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
5. REFERENCE NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
| The designation of the reference document referenced |
The item number, app |
| GOST 166−89 |
2.2 |
| GOST 427−75 |
2.4 |
| GOST 6507−90 |
2.2 |
| GOST 14766−69 |
Annex 1 |
| GOST 28840−90 |
2.1 |
6. Limitation of actions taken by Protocol No. 5−94 of the Interstate Council for standardization, Metrology and certification (I & C N 11−12−94)
7. EDITION (January 2008) with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3, approved in August 1987, October 1989, may 1990 (IUS 12−87, 2−90, 8−90)
Amended, published in the IUS N 7, 2014; IUS N 11, 2014
The amendments made by the manufacturer of the database
This standard specifies methods for static tensile testing of ferrous and nonferrous metals and products from them with nominal diameter or minimum size in cross-section of 3.0 mm or more to determine if a temperature of (20) °C characteristics mechanical properties:
the limit of proportionality;
modulus of elasticity;
the yield strength of the physical;
the yield strength of the conditioned;
temporary resistance;
___________
* Amendment (ICS 7−2014) throughout the text of the standard is replaced by the words «tensile strength» to «tensile strength»;
** Amendment (ICS 11−2014) throughout the text of the standard is replaced by the words «tensile strength"to „tensile strength“. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
relative uniform elongation;
elongation after rupture;
the relative narrowing of the cross section after the break.
The standard does not apply to the test wire and pipes.
The standard complies ST SEV 471−88 and ISO 6892−84 in essence the method, testing and processing the results of the tests of metals and products from them the smallest size in the cross section of 3.0 mm or more.
Terms used in this standard, and explanations of them are given in Appendix 1.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2, 3).
1. SAMPLING METHODS
1.1. The cutting blanks for the samples is carried out on machine tools, shears, dies by the application of oxygen and anodic-mechanical cutting and other ways, providing allowances on the metal area with the changed properties during heating and hardening.
Place tenderloin pieces for samples, their number, the direction of the longitudinal axis of the sample relative to the workpiece, the magnitude of the allowances when cutting needs to be specified in normative and technical documentation on the rules of sampling, blanks and samples or products.
1.2. Samples it is recommended to make on machine tools.
In the manufacture of samples take measures (cooling, appropriate modes of treatment), excluding the possibility of changing the properties of the metal during heating or work hardening that occurs as a result of mechanical processing. Depth of cut in the last passage should not exceed 0.3 mm.
1.3. Flat samples must retain the superficial layers of the hire, unless otherwise stated in normative-technical documentation on the rules of sampling, blanks and samples or products.
For flat samples the deflection on the length of 200 mm shall not exceed 10% of the sample thickness, but not more than 4 mm. If there are indications in the normative-technical documentation for metal products is permitted for straightening or other corrections blanks and samples.
1.4. Burrs on the edges of flat specimens should be removed mechanically without damaging the surface of the sample. Edges in the working part of the samples shall be exposed to the grinding and Stripping on the grinding wheel or the abrasive cloth.
1.5. In the absence of other indications in the normative-technical documentation for steel the value of the roughness parameters of the processed surfaces of samples should be no more than 1.25 microns for the surface of the working part of the cylindrical sample and
not more than 20 µm for the lateral surfaces in the working part of the flat sample.
Requirements of surface roughness of cast samples and finished products shall conform to the requirements of surface roughness of castings and steel products experienced without preliminary machining.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
1.6. If there are indications in the normative-technical documentation on the rules of sampling, blanks and samples or products is allowed to experience long products, alloy samples and finished products without preliminary machining with consideration of the dimensional tolerances provided for the test products.
1.7. Tests carried out on two samples, if a different number is not provided in the normative-technical documentation for metal products.
1.8. For tensile tests used a proportional cylindrical or flat samples with a diameter or thickness in the test section is 3.0 mm or more from the initial design length of 
Cast samples and samples of brittle materials is allowed to produce the initial estimated length 
If there are indications in the reference document for steel is allowed to use other types of samples, including disproportionate, for which the initial gauge length is established independently of the initial cross sectional area of the sample
.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
1.9. Types and sizes are proportional to cylindrical and flat samples are given in appendices 2 and 3.
The type and specimen dimensions must be specified in normative and technical documentation on the rules of sampling, blanks and samples or products.
Allowed to use during the test is proportional to samples of other sizes.
For flat samples the ratio between the width and thickness of the working part of the specimen should not exceed 8:1.
1.10. The form and sizes of heads and transient parts of the cylindrical and flat samples determined by the method of mounting the samples in the grips of the testing machine. Method of attachment shall prevent slippage of the samples in the grips crushing bearing surfaces, the deformation of heads, and the destruction of the sample in places of transition from the working side to the heads and in the heads.
1.11. Limit deviations for dimensions of the working part of the cylindrical and flat samples are given in appendices 2 and 3.
For cast machined cylindrical samples, the maximum deviations in diameter are doubled.
Tolerances for thickness of flat specimens with mechanically treated surfaces should correspond to the limit deviations on thickness specified for steel products.
Tolerances for thickness of flat specimens with machined surfaces: ±0,1 mm.
1.12. The working length of the samples shall be:
from 
from 
The differences in the assessment of the quality of the metal working length of the samples shall be:
Note. When using strain gauges allowed the use of samples with other working lengths , the value of which is greater than the specified.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
1.13. Samples mark out the working length of the specimen.
2. EQUIPMENT
2.1. Tensile and universal testing machines must meet the requirements of GOST 28840.
2.2. Calipers should meet the requirements of GOST 166.
Micrometers should meet the requirements of GOST 6507.
You can also use other measuring devices that provide measurement with an uncertainty not exceeding the specified in claim 3.1.
2.3. Strain gauges must meet the requirements of NTD.
When determining the limit of proportionality and yield limits of the conditional with the tolerance on value of plastic or total strain under load or permanent deformation upon unloading to 0.1% relative scale strain gauge should not exceed 0,005% of the initial estimated length of the strain gauge ; determining the yield strength conditional with the tolerance on the magnitude of deformation from 0,1 to 1% not to exceed 0.05% of the initial estimated length of the strain gauge
.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
2.4. The line of metal must meet the requirements of GOST 427.
3. PREPARING FOR THE TEST
3.1. To determine the initial cross sectional area necessary geometrical dimensions of the samples are measured with the error not more than ±0,5%.
3.2. Measuring dimensions of samples before testing is carried out in at least three places — in the middle part and on the borders of the working length.
For the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen in its working parts take the lesser of the received values on the basis of the measurements with the rounding table.1.
Table 1
mm
The cross-sectional area of the sample |
Rounding | |||||
| To | 10,00 | incl. |
0.01 | |||
| SV. | 10,00 | » | 20,00 | incl. | «0,05 | |
| » | 20,0 | " | 100,0 | « |
„0,1 | |
| “ | 100,0 | » | 200,0 | " | «0,5 | |
| » | 200 |
«1 | ||||
If there are indications in the reference document for steel is allowed to determine the initial cross-sectional area of the samples with the nominal dimensions (without measuring the sample before the test), provided that the maximum deviations in size and shape correspond to given in table.1A.
3.1; 3.2. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
Table 1a
mm
| Sample type | The specimen dimensions (diameter, thickness, width) | Limit deviation size | Limit the difference between the largest and smallest diameter, largest and smallest width of the working part |
| Cylindrical processed | From 3 to 6 | ±0,06 | 0,03 |
| SV. 6 «10 |
±0,075 | 0,03 | |
| «10» 20 | ±0,09 | 0,04 | |
| «20» 30 | ±0,105 | 0,05 | |
| Machined flat on four sides | From 3 to 6 | ±0,06 | 0,03 |
| SV. 6 «10 |
±0,075 | 0,03 | |
| «10» 20 |
±0,09 | 0,04 | |
| «20» 30 |
±0,105 | 0,05 | |
| Flat processed from two sides | From 3 to 6 | - | 0,18 |
| SV. 6 «10 |
- | 0,22 | |
| «10» 20 |
- | 0,27 | |
| «20» 30 | - | 0,33 |
3.3. The value of the initial estimated length of the rounded up: for samples with
do not exceed 10%; for samples with
The initial design length with accuracy of up to 1% limit on the working length of the sample cores, risks or other marks and measure with a caliper or other measuring tools with a measuring error of up to 0.1 mm.
To recalculate the relative elongation after rupture with attributing the break to the middle and to determine the relative uniform elongation
along the entire working length of the sample it is recommended to apply a label every 5 or 10 mm.
The labeling is performed using a separatory machines or by hand using a metal ruler.
On samples of low-plasticity metals label applied to ways, eliminating damage to the surface of the working part of the sample (knurled dividing nets or strokes, fotosposobom, dye, pencil). Apply labels on the transitional parts of the sample by marking drilling position or in any other way.
Notes:
1. If the determination of elongation after rupture is applied to the strain gauge, the initial gauge length for the strain gauge
must be equal to the estimated initial length of the sample
.
2. If the testing machine determination of the relative elongation after rupture automatically, the label to limit the initial calculated length of a specimen
is not required.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2, 3).
3.4. The initial cross-sectional area for the samples of complex shape determined by the design formulas, or by weight. The method of determining the initial area of the cross section
for these samples should be specified in the NTD community.
4. TESTING AND PROCESSING OF RESULTS
4.1. The limit of proportionality is determined:
with the help of strain gauges (calculation method);
graphically the initial part of the chart recorded from the electrical siloizmeritelya and measuring the deformation.
The strain gauge or strain meter set on the sample after application to it of the initial effort corresponding to the voltage equal to 5−10% of the assumed limit of proportionality
.
4.1.1. When determining the limit of proportionality calculated way after the installation of the strain gauge is carried out loading the sample in equal steps to the effort corresponding to the voltage equal to 70−80% of the assumed limit of proportionality
. The number of stages efforts should be at least 4. The dwell time at each step to 5−7 C.
Further loading is carried out in smaller steps. When the increment of elongation for a small degree of loading exceeds the average value of the increment of elongation (at the same level of effort), further loading is stopped. The average increment of elongation at low level of loading. The magnitude of the increase in accordance with the permit. Determine the force corresponding to the counted value of the increment of elongation.
Allowed application of the method of linear interpolation to Refine the value .
4.1.2. The definition of the limit of proportionality graphically is held at the inlet section of the chart of stretching recorded from the electrical siloizmeritelya and measuring the deformation. Elongation is determined at the site equal to the basis of measuring the deformation. The scale along the axis of elongation shall be not less than 100:1 at the basis of measuring the deformation of 50 mm or more and at least 200:1 at the base of the meter is less than 50 mm; axis 1 mm effort diagrams should correspond to not more than 10 N/mm
(1.0 kg/mm
).
From the origin (Fig.1) make a direct matching of the initial linear part of the chart of stretching. Then at any level make a direct parallel to the x-axis, and on this line lay the cut is
equal to half cut
. Through the point
and the origin is carried out directly
and in parallel she carried a tangent
to the graph of stretching. The point of tangency defines the desired force
.
Damn.1
4.1.3. The limit of proportionality (), N/mm
(kgf/mm
), calculated according to the formula
An example of determining the limit of proportionality design method is given in Annex 4.
4.1−4.1.3. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
4.2−4.2.4. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
4.3. The modulus of elasticity define:
with the help of strain gauges (calculation method);
graphically at the inlet section of the diagram of stretch recorded from the electrical siloizmeritelya and measuring the deformation.
The strain gauge or strain meter set on the sample after application to it of the initial effort corresponding to the voltage equal to 10−15% of the assumed limit of proportionality
.
4.3.1. After the installation of the strain gauge is carried out loading the sample in equal steps to the effort corresponding to the voltage equal to 70−80% of the assumed limit of proportionality . The step size of loading should be 5−10% of the assumed limit of proportionality. According to test results, the average increment of elongation of the specimen, mm, at the level of loading, N (kgf).
4.3.2. In the determination of modulus of elasticity graphically a sample of the load to the effort corresponding to the voltage equal to 70−80% of the assumed limit of proportionality
. The scale along the axis of elongation shall be not less than 100:1 at the basis of measuring the deformation of 50 mm or more, and not less than 200:1 at the base of the meter is less than 50 mm; axis 1 mm effort diagrams should correspond to not more than 10 N/mm
(1.0 kg/mm
).
4.3.3. The modulus of elasticity , N/mm
(kgf/mm
), calculated according to the formula
Example of determination of modulus of elasticity calculation method is given in Annex 6.
4.4. The yield stress, the physical , the upper
and lower
is determined by the tension diagram obtained with the testing machine under the condition that the scale of the graph along the axis of stress is such that 1 mm corresponds to a voltage not more than 10 N/mm
.
In test and acceptance tests of the physical yield point is allowed to determine a pronounced stop the arrows or the digital display of the force measuring device of the test machine.
The differences in the assessment of the quality of the physical metal, the yield strength is determined by the tension diagram.
Examples determine force corresponding to the yield stress ,
and
for the most characteristic types of charts stretching, is given in Annex 7.
In the determination of the upper yield point , the loading rate must be set within the range given in table.1B if there were no other indications in the NTD community.
Table 1B
The modulus of elasticity |
The loading rate, N/(mm | |
| minimum |
maximum | |
|
1 | 10 |
|
3 | 30 |
(for nonferrous metals)
(for non-ferrous and ferrous metals)
The loading rate should be established in the field of elasticity and maintained to be constant until it reaches the upper yield point .
In determining the physical and lower
limits of flow speed relative deformation of the working part of the specimen on the stage of the flow must be in the range of 0.00025 to 0.0025 with
, if the NTD for steel not available in other guidelines. The relative velocity of deformation should be maintained be constant.
If the speed of relative deformation at the stage of fluidity can be secured in the direct regulation of the testing machine, the test should be carried out, setting the loading rate in the elastic range. The loading rate before reaching a stage of flow must be within the limits specified in table.1B. In this case the machine should not be changed until the end phase of fluidity.
4.5. The yield strength conditional with the tolerance on value of plastic deformation during loading (or some established tolerance) determined by the diagram obtained on the test machine or by special devices.
The differences in the assessment of the quality of steel products determination of yield stress is made conditional on the tension diagram obtained with the use of strain gauge.
Note. Yield strength with the tolerance on value of plastic deformation during loading (or some established tolerance) can be determined without plotting stretching with the help of special devices (microprocessors, etc.).
4.5.1. To determine the yield strength of the conditioned (or some established tolerance) on the tension diagram calculate the magnitude of plastic deformation taking into account the established tolerance, based on the length of the working part of the specimen
or the initial estimated length of the strain gauge
. The magnitude of increase is proportional to the scale of the graph and cut the resulting length of the FIRST delay axis of elongation from a point O (damn.3). From point E draw parallel to OA. The intersection of a line with the diagram corresponds to the force of the yield strength conditional with the tolerance on value of plastic deformation.
Damn.3*
____________________
* Hell.2. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
The scale of the graph along the axis of elongation must be at least 50:1.
In the absence of the test machines with the charts of a specified scale and opportunities with the help of special devices is allowed, except for the differences in the assessment of the quality of steel products, use the chart scale along the axis of elongation of at least 10:1 when using specimens with a working length of at least 50 mm.
4.5.2. If a straight line segment of the chart of stretching is expressed clearly, then, the recommended method of determining the yield strength of the conditioned (or some established tolerance) — damn.3A.
Damn.3A
After the expected yield strength is exceeded, the force on the sample is reduced to a level of approximately 10% of progress. Next, make a new loading of the sample until then, until the value of the applied effort shall not exceed the original.
For determining the forces on the diagram, draw along the hysteresis loop. Then a line parallel to it, the distance from the beginning to the point On the chart plotted on the axis elongation corresponds to the tolerance on value of plastic deformation.
The value of the effort corresponding to the intersection of this line with the tension diagram, corresponds to the force of the conditional yield strength at the prescribed tolerance on value of plastic deformation.
4.5.3. In determining the yield strength of the conditioned (or some established tolerance), the loading rate shall be as defined in table.1B, if the NTD for steel not available in other guidelines.
4.5.4. The yield strength conditional (), N/mm
(kgf/mm
), calculated according to the formula
The yield strength of the conditioned (or some established tolerance) is determined only in the absence of a platform flow, if there is no further guidance in the NTD community.
4.6. If there are indications in the reference document for steel is determined by the conditional yield strength with a tolerance on the value of the total strain and the conditional yield strength
determined by the method of successive loading and razrusheniya sample.
4.6.1. The yield strength conditional with the tolerance on the total deformation determined by the tension diagram (Fig.3b).
Damn.3b
For determining the yield point on the tension diagram is carried out, and parallel to the y-axis (the axis of effort) and spaced from it a distance equal to the tolerance on the value of the total strain, given the scale of the chart. The point of intersection of this line with the graph corresponds to a tensile stress at yield conditional.
The value is calculated by dividing the resulting stress on the initial cross-sectional area of the sample
.
Note. This characteristic can be determined without plotting stretching with the help of special devices (microprocessors, etc.).
In determining the yield strength conditional loading rate must comply with the requirements of section
4.6.2. To determine the conditional yield strength determined by the method of successive loading and razrusheniya on the sample after it is installed into the grips of the testing machine, and enclosures of primary voltage
of not more than 10% of the expected yield strength of the conditional
, set the strain gauge. Then the sample is loaded to stress
. Since efforts make up 70−80% of the expected yield strength of the conditioned
, the sample is loaded incrementally increasing force measuring each time the residual elongation after unloading to the initial stress
.
The test is stopped, when the residual elongation exceeds a given value. The stress corresponding to the yield strength of the conditioned , to accept that stress at which the elongation reaches a predetermined value. If it is necessary to clarify the numerical value of the designated features allowed the use of linear interpolation.
4.3
4.6.3. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
4.7. To determine the time resistance of the sample is subjected to tension under the effect of gradually increasing efforts to failure.
The highest stress prior to failure of the specimen, taken as the stress corresponding to ultimate strength.
4.7.1. When you define a temporary resistance to the rate of deformation should be not more than 0.5 from the initial calculated length of a specimen
expressed in mm/min.
4.7.2. Tensile strength , N/mm
(kgf/mm
), calculated according to the formula
The 4.7−4.7.2. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
4.8. Determination of relative uniform elongation is carried out on samples with an initial estimated length of not less than
determined on the destroyed sample on the current plot
(Fig.4) spaced at a distance of not less than 2
or 2
from the gap. The final length of the calculated area
must be at least
or
. Initial length of the calculation area
is determined by the number of labels on the calculated area and the initial distance between them.
Damn.4
Allowed determination of relative uniform elongation according to the tension diagram with a scale along the axis of elongation of at least 10:1 as corresponding to the greatest stress
.
4.8.1. Relative uniform elongation , %, is calculated by the formula
4.8;
4.9. To determine the estimated final length of the specimen destroyed part of the specimen tightly stacked so that their axes form a straight line.
The measurement of the estimated final length of the specimen is held by the caliper when the value read by Vernier to 0.1 mm.
4.9.1. Determination of the final calculated length of a specimen is carried out by measuring the distance between the marks bounding the estimated length.
4.9.2. If the distance from the place of rupture to the nearest of the labels that limit the estimated length of the sample, is at or less than the initial estimated length
and a certain value of the relative elongation after rupture does not meet the standard requirements for metal products, it is allowed to carry out determination of the relative elongation after rupture
by estimating the break in the middle.
The recalculation produced by the pre-applied along the working part of the specimen cores or risks, for example in 5 or 10 mm (Fig.5).
Damn.5
Example
On the estimated initial length of the sample fit
the number of intervals. After breaking an extreme risk on the short section of the destroyed sample denote
. On the long part of the sample, we denote the risk
which is closest to the gap close in magnitude to the distance from the gap to the risks
.
Distance from to
is
intervals.
If the difference is 
to the risks
taken
If the difference 
to the risks
taken
is taken
is calculated according to the formula
4.9.3. If there are indications in the reference document in determining the relative elongation after rupture for low-plasticity metals (%) define:
a) absolute elongation 
Before the test at one of the ends of the working length of the specimen cause a barely noticeable mark. With a meter on the sample spend an arc radius equal to the calculated initial length of the sample , and with the center in the applied label.
After the breakup both halves of the sample are tightly stacked and pressed to each other under the action of axial forces.
The second arc of the same radius is carried out from the same center.
The distance between the arcs is equal to the absolute elongation of the sample (Fig.6), measured using the measuring microscope or other measuring instruments;
Damn.6
b) final design length according to the tension diagram and the scale diagram along the axis of deformation (elongation) of not less than 50:1;
C) the final calculated sample length by the distance between the heads of the sample or labels, applied to the transitional parts of the sample, using the calculated formulas.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2, 3).
4.10. The elongation of the specimen after rupture in percent is calculated by the formula
4.10.1. The test report should indicate what the estimated length is defined relative elongation after rupture .
For example, when testing samples with an initial estimated length 
4.11. To determine the relative contraction of the cylindrical sample after the gap is measured the minimum diameter
in two mutually perpendicular directions.
Measurement of minimum diameter is a caliper with Vernier reading to 0.1 mm.
According to the arithmetic mean of the obtained values calculate the cross-sectional area of the sample after rupture .
4.11.1. The relative constriction after rupture is calculated by the formula
4.12. Rounding of the calculated results of tests carried out in accordance with the table.2.
Table 2
| The characterization of the mechanical properties |
The interval characteristic values |
Rounding |
The limit of proportionality, N/mm | ||
The limit of elasticity, N/mm |
Up to 100 (up to 10.0) | To 1.0 (0.1) |
The physical yield strength, N/mm |
SV. 100 to 500 (over 10 to 50) |
To 5.0 (0.5) |
The conventional yield strength, N/mm | ||
Tensile strength, N/mm |
SV. 500 (over 50) | Up to 10 (up to 1) |
The modulus of elasticity, N/mm |
1,00−2,50·10 |
0.01·10 |
| Relative uniform elongation, % |
To 10.0 | To 0.1 |
| Elongation after break, % | SV. Of 10.0 to 25.0 |
To 0.5 |
| The relative narrowing of the cross sectional area after rupture, % |
SV. 25,0 | To 1.0 |
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
4.13. The results of the tests do not take into account:
at break of the sample cores (risks) if any characterization of the mechanical properties does not meet the requirements in the NTD for steel;
at break of the specimen in the grips of the testing machine or outside the estimated sample length (in determining the relative uniform elongation and elongation at break
);
at rupture of a sample for defects of metallurgical production and obtaining at the same unsatisfactory test results.
In the absence of other guidance in the NTD for steel test instead of overlooked, repeat the same number of samples.
4.14. The test results recorded in the Protocol, the form of which is given in Annex 10.
ANNEX 1 (reference).
ANNEX 1
Reference
| The term |
Explanation |
The working length of the sample |
Part of the sample with the constant cross-sectional area between its heads or sections to capture |
The initial gauge length of the specimen |
The area of the working length of the sample between the applied labels to the test, which is determined by the elongation |
The final gauge length of the specimen |
Length calculated after rupture of the sample |
The initial diameter of the specimen |
The diameter of the working part of the cylindrical specimen before test |
The diameter of the specimen after rupture |
The minimum diameter of the working part of the cylindrical sample after the break |
Initial sample thickness |
The thickness of the working part of the flat specimen before test |
The thickness of the sample after the break |
The minimum thickness of the working part of a flat sample after the break |
The initial sample width |
Working width of the flat specimen before test |
The width of the sample after the break |
The minimum width of the working part of a flat sample after the break |
The initial cross-sectional area of sample |
The cross-sectional area of the working part of the specimen before the test |
The cross-sectional area of the sample after the break |
The minimum cross-sectional area of the working part of the specimen after rupture |
The axial tensile force |
The force acting on the specimen at the moment of testing |
Voltage |
The voltage determined by the ratio of the axial tensile force |
The absolute elongation of the sample |
The initial increment of the estimated length of the specimen at any time during the test |
The limit of proportionality |
The stress at which deviation from linear dependence between the force and the elongation reaches a value such that the tangent of the angle formed by the tangent to the curve «force — elongation» at the point |
The modulus of elasticity |
The ratio of the increment of voltage to the corresponding increment of elongation within the elastic deformation |
The physical yield strength (lower yield) |
The lowest voltage at which the sample is deformed without any appreciable increase in the tensile stress |
The upper yield strength |
Voltage corresponding to the first peak of the effort, recorded before the yield point of the working part of the specimen |
Temporary resistance (tensile strength) |
Voltage corresponding to a maximum force |
| ____________ * Amendment (ICS 7−2014) it is proposed to replace the words «tensile strength» to «tensile strength»; ** Amendment (ICS 11−2014) it is proposed to replace the words «tensile strength» to «tensile strength». — Note the manufacturer’s database. | |
Relative uniform elongation |
The ratio of the increment of the length of the section in the working part of the specimen after the rupture, which is determined by the relative uniform elongation to the length before the test, expressed as a percentage |
Elongation after rupture |
The ratio of the increment of the calculated length of a specimen |
The relative narrowing of the gap after |
The ratio of the difference |
The yield strength conditional with the tolerance on value of plastic deformation at loading |
The stress at which plastic deformation of the specimen reaches 0.2% of the working length of the sample |
The yield strength conditional with the tolerance on the total |
The voltage at which the total strain of the sample reaches the set value, expressed as percentage of the working length of the sample |
Tolerance (from 0.05 to 1%) indicated in the designation (for example, | |
The yield strength conditional with the tolerance on the amount of residual deformation at unloading |
The voltage at which after razgryzaniya sample and maintains a predetermined residual deformation, expressed as a percentage of the working length of the sample |
Tolerance (from 0.005 to 1%) indicated in the designation (for example, | |
The initial gauge length for strain gauge |
The length of the working part of the specimen, equal to the base strain gauge |
| The rate of deformation |
The amount of change of the distance between the set points of the sample per unit of time (GOST 14766) |
| Loading rate |
The amount of change of force (or voltage) per unit time |
The initial length of the calculation area |
Plot of the estimated initial length of the sample |
The final length of the calculated area |
Plot of the estimated final length of the specimen after the rupture |
after fracture to the initial calculated length 
)
)
Note. If there are indications in the reference document for steel is allowed to determine the limit of proportionality and yield strength conditional with the tolerance on value of plastic deformation at loading with different tolerances:
the limit of proportionality 10 and 25%,
yield strength is from 0.005 to 1%.
Tolerance indicated in the designation (for example, 
When tolerances from 0.005 to 0.05% on value of plastic deformation under loading, the total strain under load, the residual deformation upon unloading, instead of the term «yield strength» of a conditional is allowed to use the term «limit of elasticity» with the indexing set for the corresponding yield strength conditional.
APPENDIX 1. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2, 3).
APPENDIX 2 (recommended). PROPORTIONAL CYLINDRICAL SPECIMENS
ANNEX 2
Recommended
Damn. 1. Type I
Type I
Damn.1
Table 1
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
||||||||||
| One |
25 | 125 | 250 | 45 | 28 | 25 | 12,5 | 25 | ||
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | 36 | 24 | 20 | 10,0 | 20 | ||
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 28 | 18 | 15 | 7,5 | 15 | ||
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 13 | 10 | 5,0 | 10 |
APPENDIX 2. (Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
Damn.2. Type II
Type II
Damn.2
Table 2
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
||||||||||
| One |
25 | 125 | 250 | 45 | 28 | 5,0 | 25 | 12,5 | ||
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | 36 | 24 | 5,0 | 20 | 10,0 | ||
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 28 | 18 | 4,0 | 15 | 7,5 | ||
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 13 | 4,0 | 10 | 5,0 | ||
| 5 |
8 | 40 | 80 | 16 | 11 | 1,0 | 3,0 | 8 | 4,0 | |
| 6 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 13 | 8 | 1,0 | 3,0 | 6 | 4,0 | |
| 7 |
5 | 25 | 50 | Twelve | 7 | 1,0 | 2,5 | 5 | 4,0 | |
| 8 |
4 | 20 | 40 | 11 | 7 | 1,0 | 2,5 | 5 | 4,0 |
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1, 3).
Damn.3. Type III
Type III
Damn.3
Table 3
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
|||||||
| 1 |
25 | 125 | 250 | 45 | 30 | 5 | |
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | 34 | 25 | 5 | |
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 28 | 20 | 3 | |
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 16 | 10 | 3 | |
| 5 |
8 | 40 | 80 | 13 | 10 | 2 | |
| 6 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 10 | 1,5 | |
| 7 |
5 | 25 | Fifty | 11 | 10 | 1,5 | |
| 8 |
4 | 20 | 40 | 9 | 8 | 1,5 | |
| 9 |
3 | 15 | 30 | 7 | 7 | 1,5 |
Damn. 4. Type IV
Type IV
Damn.4
Table 4
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
|||||||
| 1 |
25 | 125 | 250 | M36 | 40 | 12,5 | |
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | M30 | 30 | 10,0 | |
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | M24 | 25 | 7,5 | |
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | M16 | 15 | 5,0 | |
| 5 |
8 | 40 | 80 | M14 | 15 | 4,0 | |
| 6 |
6 | 30 | 60 | M12 | 12 | 3,0 | |
| 7 |
Five | 25 | 50 | M9 | 10 | 3,0 | |
| 8 |
4 | 20 | 40 | M8 | 10 | 3,0 | |
| 9 |
3 | 15 | 30 | M7 | 8 | 2,0 |
Damn.5. Type V
Type V
Damn.5
Table 5
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
||||||||
| 1 |
25 | 125 | 250 | 45 | 30 | 25 | 25 | |
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | 36 | 24 | 20 | 20 | |
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 28 | 18 | 15 | 15 | |
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 12 | 10 | 10 | |
| 5 |
8 | 40 | 80 | Sixteen | 10 | 8 | 8 | |
| 6 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 13 | 8 | 6 | 6 | |
| 7 |
5 | 25 | 50 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 5 |
Damn.6. Type VI
Type VI
Damn.6
Table 6
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
|||||||
| 1 |
25 | 125 | 250 | 35 | Not regulated | 25 | |
| 2 |
20 | 100 | 200 | 30 | 20 | ||
| 3 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 22 | 15 | ||
| 4 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 15 | 10 | ||
| 5 |
8 | 40 | 80 | 12 | 8 | ||
| 6 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 9 | 6 |
Damn.7. Type VII
Type VII
Damn.7
Table 7
Dimensions, mm
| Sample number |
|||||||
| 1 |
15 | 75 | 150 | 20 | 25 | 50 | |
| 2 |
10 | 50 | 100 | 15 | 25 | 40 | |
| 3 |
8 | 40 | 80 | 12 | 25 | 30 | |
| 4 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 10 | 25 | 25 |
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
Table 8
Limit deviations for dimensions of cylindrical specimens
mm
| The diameter of the working part of the sample | Limit deviations | Permissible difference between largest and smallest diameter along the length of the working part of the specimen |
| To 10.00 incl. |
±0,10 | 0,03 |
| SV. 10,00 to 20,00 incl. |
±0,20 | 0,04 |
| SV. 20,00 |
±0,25 | 0,05 |
Note. Heads sizes and transition pieces of samples are recommended.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
APPENDIX 3 (recommended). PROPORTIONAL FLAT SAMPLES
APPENDIX 3
Recommended
Damn.1. Type I. Flat samples with the heads
Type I
Flat samples with the heads
Damn.1
Damn.2. Type II Flat specimens without heads
Type II
Flat specimens without heads
Damn.2
Table 1
mm
| Sample number |
||||||||
| 1 |
25 | 30 | 155 | 310 | 40 | 100 | ||
| 2 |
24 | 30 | 155 | 310 | 40 | 100 | ||
| 3 |
23 | 30 | 150 | 300 | 40 | 90 | ||
| 4 |
22 | 30 | 145 | 290 | 40 | 90 | ||
| 5 |
21 | 30 | 140 | 280 | 40 | 80 | ||
| 6 |
20 | 30 | 140 | 270 | 40 | 80 | ||
| 7 |
19 | 30 | 135 | 270 | 40 | Eighty | ||
| 8 |
18 | 30 | 130 | 260 | 40 | 80 | ||
| 9 |
17 | 30 | 125 | 250 | 40 | 80 | ||
| 10 |
16 | 30 | 125 | 250 | 40 | 80 | ||
| 11 |
15 | 30 | 120 | 240 | 40 | 70 | ||
| 12 |
14 | 30 | 115 | 230 | 40 | 70 | ||
| 13 |
13 | 30 | 110 | 220 | 40 | 70 | ||
| 14 |
12 | 30 | 105 | 210 | 40 | 60 | ||
| 15 |
11 | 30 | 105 | 210 | 40 | 60 | ||
| 16 |
10 | 30 | 100 | 200 | 40 | 60 | ||
| 17 |
9 | 30 | 90 | 180 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 18 |
8 | 30 | 85 | 170 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 19 |
7 | 20 | 70 | 140 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 20 |
6 | 20 | 65 | 130 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 21 |
5 | 20 | 60 | 120 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 22 |
4 | 20 | 50 | 100 | 40 | 50 | ||
| 23 |
3 | 20 | 45 | 90 | 30 | 40 |
Notes:
1. For samples whose thickness is between the values given in table.1, you should take a smaller settlement length, if when compared with nearest lower thickness (see table.1) the difference is less than 0.5 mm, and long if the difference will be 0.5 mm or more.
2. The radius of the working part of the head shall be equal to 25−40 mm depending on the cutter diameter used in the manufacture of samples, thus takes a value of approximately 15−20 mm, respectively.
3. Allowed the breakdown of the samples into groups with the same working length so that the difference between the largest and smallest of different lengths do not exceed 25 mm. For the overall working length is the highest working length of the group.
Table 2
Limit deviations for dimensions of the flat samples
mm
| The width of the working part of the specimen | Limit deviation | The permissible difference between the largest and smallest width along the length of the working part of the specimen |
| 10,00 |
±0,20 | 0,05 |
| 15,00 |
±0,20 | 0,10 |
| 20,00 |
±0,50 | 0,15 |
| 30,00 |
±0,50 | 0,20 |
Note. Heads sizes and transition pieces of samples are recommended.
APPENDIX 3. (Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
ANNEX 4 (reference). AN EXAMPLE OF DETERMINING THE LIMIT OF PROPORTIONALITY
ANNEX 4
Reference
Tolerance to the increase of the tangent of the angle formed tangent to the curve deformation with the axis of effort of 50% from its value in the linear range.
Test material — structural steel.
Specimen dimensions: initial diameter of 
.
The initial gauge length (base strain gauge) 
The expected limit of proportionality 
(70 kgf/mm
). Accept initial force
Force in N (kgf) corresponding to 75% of the effort expected limit of proportionality is 39600 N (4040 kgf). Taken
equal to 39000 N (4000 kg). The level of loading set equal to 8800 N (900 kgf). Further loading produced by the steps of
(2,0 kgf/mm
) to noticeable deviations from the law of proportionality with the deposition of the strain gauge. The test results recorded in the table.
The average value of the increment of elongation at low level of effort
Force |
The reading on the scale strain gauge |
The difference between the reading on the strain gauge |
| 3900 (400) |
0,0 | 0,0 |
| 12700 (1300) |
27,0 | 27,0 |
| 21600 (2200) |
54,5 | 27,5 |
| 30400 (3100) |
82,0 | 27,5 |
| 39200 (4000) |
109,0 | 27,0 |
| 40700 (4150) |
113,3 | 4,5 |
| 42200 | 118,0 | 4,5 |
| (4300) | ||
| 43700 | 122,5 | 4,5 |
| (4450) | ||
| 45100 | 127,5 | 5,0 |
| (4600) | ||
| 46600 | 131,5 | 4,0 |
| (4750) | ||
| 48100 | 136,0 | 4,5 |
| (4900) | ||
| 49500 | 141,0 | 5,0 |
| (5050) | ||
| 51000 | 145,0 | 4,0 |
| (5200) | ||
| 52500 | 149,5 | 4,5 |
| (5350) | ||
| 54000 | 156,0 | 6,5 |
| (5550) | ||
| 55400 | 164,0 | 8,0 |
| (5650) |
Found the increment of elongation at low level of effort on a linear plot according to the established tolerance increase 50%.
A desired elongation level of effort 
For the effort of responding , accept the effort
The limit of proportionality is:
(70 kgf/mm
).
Found stress can be improved by applying the method of linear interpolation:
The limit of proportionality , corresponding to the calculated force is equal to:
(70,5 kg/mm
).
ANNEX 4. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
APPENDIX 5. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
APPENDIX 6 (reference). EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
APPENDIX 6
Reference
Test material — structural steel.
Specimen dimensions: initial diameter of 
.
The initial gauge length , equal to the base strain gauge, 100 mm; scale strain gauge 0.002 mm.
The estimated limit of proportionality 
(70 kgf/mm
).
Initial stress is assumed equal to 5400 N (550 kgs).
The stress corresponding to 70% of the proposed limit of proportionality
is 37695 N (3847 kgs). Take
(7.0 kgf/mm
), to effort
, corresponding to 70% of the expected limit of proportionality
with the deposition of the strain gauge.
The results recorded in the table.
Force |
The reading on the scale strain gauge |
The difference of readings on the strain gauge |
| 5400 (550) |
0 | |
| 10800 (1100) |
17,5 | 17,5 |
| 16200 (1650) |
35,0 | 18,0 |
| 21600 (2200) |
53,0 | 17,5 |
| 27000 (2750) |
70,5 | 17,5 |
| 32400 (3300) |
88,0 | 17,5 |
| 37800 (3850) |
105,0 | 17,0 |
Determine the average amount of the increment of elongation of the specimen at the degree of effort
The modulus of elasticity , N/mm
(kgf/mm
), equal to
(1,96х10
kgf/mm
).
APPENDIX 7 (reference). EXAMPLES DETERMINE force P (t), P (t), P (TV) depending on the DIAGRAMS of STRETCHING
ANNEX 7
Reference
EXAMPLES OF EVALUATION EFFORTS , AND
,
DEPENDING ON THE CHARTS STRETCHING
1 — starting the transition effect
APP 6, 7. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
ANNEX 8, 9. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
APPENDIX 10 (reference). The PROTOCOL of the tensile tests of cylindrical samples on the machine; the PROTOCOL of the burst tests flat samples on the machine
Annex 10
Reference
PROTOCOL N
tensile tests on cylindrical samples________________ by car ______
| Mark | The number of melt | Brand dose |
Primary |
Diameter after break |
Primary |
Of course |
Maxi |
The force at the limit of propor- |
Temporary resistance |
Limit recuces- |
Limit of propor- |
The module will abut- |
Take |
The fre- |
Take |
The prima note |
PROTOCOL N
burst tests of flat samples _______________ by car ___________
| Mark | The number of melt | Brand dose |
Primary |
Primary |
Square poperek- |
Primary |
Of course |
Maxi |
Stress at yield point |
The force at the limit of propor- |
Tensile strength |
Limit recuces- |
Limit of propor- |
Take |
ANNEX 10. (Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
The electronic text of the document
prepared by JSC «Code» and checked by:
the official publication of the
M.: STANDARTINFORM, 2008
