9X1 steel
9X1 steel
Steel 9X1: Handbook of steels and alloys. Below is systematized information on the purpose, chemical composition, types of supply, substitutes, critical point temperatures, physical, mechanical, technological and foundry properties for the grade — Steel 9X1.
General information on steel 9X1
| Grade substitute |
| steel 9X2 |
| Type of delivery |
| Round 9h1, bar stock, including shaped: GOST 5950−73, GOST 2590−71, GOST 2591−71. Calibrated bar GOST 7417−75, GOST 8559−75, GOST 8560−78. Grinded rod and silver GOST 14955−77. Strip GOST 4405−75. Forgings and forged blanks GOST 1133−71.Shafts OST 24.013.04−83, OST 24.013.20−85, OST 24.013.21−85. |
| Application |
| Working and supporting rolls for cold rolling of metals. Working rolls of rail, heavy-gauge and wire cogging and section mills for hot metal rolling, subjected to severe wear and working under minimum or moderate shock loads. Supporting compound rolls of sheet mills for hot metal rolling. Stamps, punches, cold heading dies, woodworking tools and other parts. |
Chemical composition of steel 9X1
| Chemical element |
% |
| Vanadium (V), not more |
0.15 |
| Tungsten (W), not more |
0.20 |
| Silicon (Si) |
0.25−0.45 |
| Manganese (Mn) |
0.15−0.40 |
| Copper (Cu), not more |
0.30 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), not more than |
0.20 |
| Nickel (Ni), not more than |
0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), not more than |
0.030 |
| Titanium (Ti), not more than |
0.03 |
| Carbon (C) |
0.80−0.95 |
| Phosphorus (P), not more than |
0.030 |
| Chromium (Cr) |
1.40−1.70 |
Mechanical properties of steel 9X1
Mechanical properties
| Heat treatment, delivery condition |
Section, mm |
HB |
HRCe |
| Annealed or high-tempered bars and strips. Hardened at 820−850°C, oil. |
| |
Samples |
229 |
63 |
| Barrels of work rolls of cold rolling mills after induction heat treatment |
| type 1 |
<400 |
HSD 95−105 |
|
| type 2 |
<400 |
HSD 90−96 |
|
| Barrels of warm-rolling mills after induction heat treatment, type 3 |
| |
<400 |
HSD 75−90 |
|
| Barrels or mandrels of backup rolls after heat treatment: with higher hardness requirements |
| type 4 |
<1600 |
HSD 70−85 |
|
| type 5 |
|
HSD 45−69 |
|
| Work and support roll necks |
| |
<950 |
HSD 30−55 |
|
| Rolls barrels of rail and section mills. |
| Normalization. Tempering |
<500 |
241−285 |
|
| Quenching. Tempering |
<1000 |
352−429 |
|
| Barrels of working rolls of hot rolling mills |
| Normalization. Tempering |
<1000 |
HSD 35−55 |
|
| Hardening. Tempering |
<1600 |
HSD 45−60 |
|
| Barrels of bearing rolls of hot strip mills |
| Normalization. Tempering |
<1600 |
HSD 35−60 |
|
| Hardening.Tempering |
|
HSD 45−75 |
|
| Worker and support roll necks |
| Normalisation. Tempering |
|
HSD 30−60 |
|
| Barrels of back-up compound rolls |
| Normalization. Tempering |
<1600 |
HSD 60−85 |
|
Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures
| t test,°C |
σ0, 2, MPa |
σB, MPa |
δ5, % |
ψ, % |
| Specimen 6 mm in diameter, 30 mm long, rolled and heat treated. Deformation rate 16 mm/minute. Strain rate 0.009 1/s. |
| 700 |
105 |
130 |
59 |
95 |
| 800 |
87 |
120 |
|
95 |
| 900 |
44 |
75 |
|
|
| 1000 |
33 |
51 |
67 |
98 |
| 1100 |
17 |
28 |
80 |
100 |
| 1200 |
11 |
19 |
73 |
100 |
Mechanical properties depending on tempering temperature
| t tempering temperature, °C |
σ0, 2, MPa |
σB, MPa |
δ5, % |
ψ, % |
KCU, J/m2 |
| Hardening |
| 180 |
1670−1760 |
1960−2160 |
2−3 |
6−7 |
78−12 |
| 300 |
1220 |
1570 |
3 |
15 |
13 |
| 400 |
1270 |
1710 |
6 |
13 |
25 |
| 500 |
830 |
880 |
12 |
37 |
70 |
| 600 |
|
780 |
14 |
45 |
59 |
Technological properties of steel 9X1
| Forging temperature |
| The beginning 1180, the end 800. Cooling of blanks with a cross section of up to 300 mm in the pit. |
| Weldability |
| Not applicable for welded structures. |
| Machinability |
| In the annealed state at HB 187−196 and σB = 680 MPa Kυ dv.spl. = 0.95, Kυ b.st. = 0.60. |
| Tendency to tempering capacity |
| slightly inclined |
| Flocene sensitivity |
| sensitive |
Steel 9X1 critical point temperature
| Critical point |
°С |
| Ac1 |
745 |
| Ac3 |
860 |
| Ar1 |
700 |
| Mn |
270 |
Endurance limit of 9X1 steel
| σ-1, MPa |
n |
Heat treatment, steel condition |
| 426 |
1Е+7 |
HRCe 65 |
Hardenability of steel 9X1
| Distance from end face, mm / HRCe |
| |
| |
| Heat treatment |
Crit. dia. in water, mm |
Crit. dia. in oil, mm |
| Hardening |
20−40 |
6−30 |
