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Steel 40KHN2MA (40HNMA)

06X1 steel 06X1F steel 06XGR steel 06XF steel 07Cr3HNMuA steel Steel 08GDNF (SL-2; 08GDNFL) 08Cr2G2FA steel Steel 08KhMFCH (08KhMFCH) Steel 08KhMHA (08KhMCH) Steel 09GSFA (09GSF) Steel 09N2MFBA (09N2MFBA-A) Steel 09SFA (09SF) 09ХГ2НАБч steel Steel 09KhN2MD (AB2-SH1) Steel 09KhN3MD (AB3) Steel 09KhN4MD (AB4) Steel 10G2 (10G2A) Steel 10GN (10GNA) Steel 10Х1С2М Steel 10Х2ГНМ (10Х2ГНМА) Steel 10Х2М1 (10Х2М1А) 10Х3ГНМЯА steel Steel 10ХН3МД (АБ2-Ш2) Steel 12G1P Steel 12Х2Н4А (ЭИ83) Steel 12Х2НВФА (ЭИ712) Steel 12Х2НВФМА (ЭП506; ЭИ712М) Steel 12Х2НМ1ФА Steel 12Kh2NMFA Steel 12ХГН2МФБДАЮ (VS-4) 12XHNM steel 12CrNiMoV Steel 12KhN steel 12XH2 steel 12XH2A steel Steel 12KhN2MD (AB1) 12KhN3A steel 12XHN3MD steel (AB2; 12XHN3MDF) 12XHN4MBD steel (AB2P) Steel 138 IZ-2 13H2HA steel Steel 13H5A Steel 13Х3НВМ2Ф (DI45; VKS-4) Steel 13ХГМРБ 13CrNi2MoD steel 13CrNi2MoFd steel Steel 13KhGSN1MD Steel 13KhFA (13KhF) Steel 14N2MFD (14N2MFDA) Steel 14Х2ГМР Steel 14Х2Н3МА 14Cr3GMu steel Steel 14ХГ2САФД Steel 14ХГН Steel 14ХГНН2МДАФБ (14ХГНМДАФБ) Steel 14ХГННМДФБРТ (14ХГНМД) Steel 14KhGSN2MA (EP176; DI3A) Steel 14ХН3МА Steel 15G (15G1) 15GUT steel Steel 15H2M (15NM) 15H3MA steel 15X steel 15Kh1SMFB steel 15Cr2Hn2TA steel Steel 15Kh2HN2TRA 15KhA steel 15CrNi2MaFach steel 15CrNi2TA steel (15CrNi2TA) 15KhGNM steel (15KhGNMA) 15KhMFA steel (15KhMF) 15KhN3 steel 15Cr steel 15KhSMFB steel (EP79) 15KhFA steel (15KhF) Steel 16G2 Steel 16Х2Н3МФБАЮ (16Х2Н3МФАБ; VKS7) Steel 16Х3НВФМБ (VKS-5; DI39) Steel 16ХГ (АЦ16ХГ) Steel 16ХГТА (ЭИ274) Steel 16ХН3МА 16KhSN steel Steel 17H3MA 17KhG steel Steel 18Г2ХФЯД Steel 18Kh2H4VA Steel 18Kh2H4MA 18CrNiG Steel 18ХГН2МФБ steel 18KhGT steel 18XH2T steel 18KhN3MA steel 18KhNVA steel Steel 18KhNMFD (18KhNMFDA) Steel 19Х2НВФА (ЭИ763) Steel 19Kh2NMFA Steel 19KhGN Steel 19ХГНМА (19ХГНМ) Steel 19ХГСС Steel 20G (20G1) Steel 20G2 Steel 20G2AF (20G2AFps) 20G2P steel 20GUT steel Steel 20H2M (20NM) Steel 20F (20FA) 20X steel Steel 20X2MA Steel 20X2MFA Steel 20X2H4A Steel 20Х2Н4МФ (20Х2Н4МФА) Steel 20Kh3NMF (20Kh3NMFA) 20XHNM steel 20KhGNMT steel (20KhGNMTA) Steel 20ХГНР 20XHNTR steel 20XGR steel 20KhGSA steel Steel 20ХГСР 20XM steel 20KhN steel Steel 20KhN2M (20KhNM) 20KhN3A steel 20KhN3MFA steel (20KhN3MF) 20KhN4FA steel 20KhNR steel 20KhFA steel (20KhF) Steel 21N5A (EI56) Steel 21Х2НВФА Steel 21Х2НМФА Steel 22KhGNMA (22KhGNM) 22XHNM steel Steel 23G2D Steel 23Х2НВФА (ЭИ659) Steel 23Х2НМФА Steel 23KhN2M Steel 24G2 Steel 24Kh3MF (24Kh3MFA) 24CrNiM Steel Steel 25G (25G2) 50G steel Steel 50G2 50X steel 50KhN steel 5XHNM2 steel 85GF steel AK32 steel AK33 steel AK34 steel AK35 steel AK36 steel AK37 steel AK48 steel AK49 steel AK50 steel Steel 25H Steel 25H3A Steel 25Kh2H4VA Steel 25Х2Н4МА Steel 25ХГ2СФР 25KhGM steel Steel 25KhGNMA (25KhGNM) Steel 25KhGNMT (25KhGNMTA) 25KhGSA steel Steel 25KhGT 25CrM steel Steel 25KhN3 Steel 25KhNTZ Steel 26G1 Steel 26Х1МА (26Х1М) Steel 26Х2НВМБР (KVK-26) Steel 26KhGM Steel 26ХГМФ (26ХГМФА) Steel 26KhMA (26KhM; 25KhM) Steel 27XGR Steel 30G (30G1) 30G1P steel Steel 30G2 30T steel 30X steel Steel 30X2H2VFA Steel 30X2H2VFMA Steel 30Kh2NVA Steel 30Kh2NVFA Steel 30Kh2NVFMA Steel 30Kh2NMA Steel 30Х2НМФА (30Х2НМФ) Steel 30Kh3MF 30Kh3MFSA steel 30Kh3NVA steel 30CGS steel 30KhGSA steel 30KhGT steel 30XM steel 30KhMA steel Steel 30KhN2VA Steel 30KhN2VFA Steel 30KhN2MA (30KhNMA) 30KhN2MFA steel 30KhN3A steel 30KhN3M steel Steel 30KhNMFA (30KhNVFA) 30KhRA steel Steel 30ХСНВФА (ВП30) Steel 32G2 Steel 32G2S Steel 32Х2НВМБР (KVK-32) Steel 33Kh3SNMVFA (SP33; EP613) Steel 33XHN3MA Steel 33HS Steel 34KhN1VA (0KhN1V) Steel 34KhN3M Steel 35G Steel 35G1P Steel 35G2 Steel 35X Steel 35Cr2YuF Steel 35CrNi2 35KhGSA steel Steel 35CrM Steel 35KhN2F Steel 35KHN3MA (35KHN3M) Steel 36G2S Steel 36G2SR Steel 36Х2Н2МФА (36ХН1МФА) Steel 37G2S Steel 37Х2НВМБР (КВК-37) 37KhN3A steel 38Cr2MuA steel (38Cr2MuA) Steel 38Kh2H2VA Steel 38Kh2H2MA (38KhNMA) 38X2H3M steel 38X2HM steel 38Kh2NMF steel 38Kh2Yu (38Kh2YuA) steel 38KhA steel 38KhGM steel 38KhGN steel 38CrNiM steel 38KhGSA steel (38KhGS) Steel 38KhM (42KhM) 38KhMA steel 38KhN3VA steel 38KhN3MA steel 38HS steel Steel 38KhFR (40KhFR) 40G steel Steel 40G2 Steel 40GR (40G1P) Steel 40Kh (40KhA) Steel 40X2H2VA Steel 40X2H2MA Alloy 40Kh3M2FA (USP-40) 40KhGNM steel 40KhGSMA steel 40KhGTR steel Steel 40KhMFA (40KhMF) 40KhN steel Steel 40KhN2VA (40KhNVA) Steel 40KhN2MA (40KhNMA) 40KhR steel 40HS steel 40KhSN2MA steel Steel 40KhFA (40KhF) Steel 42Х2НВМБР (KVK-42) Steel 42Х2НМБР (ABO70Н) Steel 42KhMFA (42KhMF) Steel 44Х2НМБР (ABO70В) 45G steel Steel 45G2 45X steel 45KhN steel 45KhN2MFA steel (45KhNMFA) Steel 47GT 48KhN3M steel

Designation

Name The value
Designation GOST Cyrillic 40ХН2МА
Designation GOST Latin 40XH2MA
Transliteration 40HN2MA
The chemical elements 40CrН2Mo
Name The value
Designation GOST Cyrillic 40ХНМА
Designation GOST Latin 40XHMA
Transliteration 40HNMA
The chemical elements 40CrНMo

Description

40KHN2MA steel is used: for the manufacture of forged rings, crankshafts, valves, connecting rods, connecting rod bearing caps, responsible, bolts, and other fasteners, special fasteners, gears, dog clutch, wheels and other heavily loaded parts; for the production of rolls for cold rolling of metals; for the manufacture of parts of pipeline fittings; parts of aircraft (rotor shafts, crank shafts, shafts gear, connecting rods, air-cooled engine, responsible of bolts, pins, parts, screw, massive and power details RD), operating at temperatures up to +500°.

Note

Structural steel high-quality romancelatina.
The 40HNMA steel compared to the steel alloyed with 18ХНВА less, but contains more carbon and is insensitive to temper embrittlement.

Standards

Name Code Standards
Sheets and stripes В23 GOST 103-2006
Sectional and shaped rolling В32 GOST 1051-73, GOST 4543-71, GOST 7417-75, GOST 8559-75, GOST 8560-78, GOST 10702-78, GOST 14955-77, OST 1 90225-76, TU 3-309-85, TU 14-1-1610-76, TU 14-1-1684-86, TU 14-1-1885-85, TU 14-1-2118-77, TU 14-1-2598-79, TU 14-1-2765-79, TU 14-1-2995-80, TU 14-1-658-73, TU 14-1-950-74, TU 14-11-245-88, TU 14-1-3011-80, TU 14-1-1271-75, TU 14-136-367-2008
Sectional and shaped rolling В22 GOST 1133-71, GOST 8319.0-75, GOST 2590-2006, GOST 2591-2006, GOST 2879-2006
Metal forming. Forgings В03 GOST 8479-70, OST 5Р.9125-84, ST ЦКБА 010-2004
Classification, nomenclature and general norms В20 OST 1 90005-91
Bulls. Blanks. Slabs В21 OST 14-13-75
Bulls. Blanks. Slabs В31 OST 3-1686-90, TU 14-1-1937-77, TU 14-1-4944-90, TU 14-1-5.17-74, TU 14-1-5.17-73, TU 1-92-156-90
Thermal and thermochemical treatment of metals В04 ST ЦКБА 026-2005
Pipes steel and connecting parts to them В62 TU 14-3-1550-88, TU 14-3-249-74, TU 14-3-389-75, TU 14-3-572-77, TU 14-3-588-76
Tapes В34 TU 14-4-95-72

Chemical composition

Standard C S P Mn Cr Si Ni Fe Cu V Ti Mo W
TU 14-1-1885-85 0.37-0.44 ≤0.015 ≤0.025 0.5-0.8 0.6-0.9 0.17-0.37 1.25-1.65 The rest ≤0.25 - - 0.15-0.25 -
TU 14-1-2765-79 0.37-0.44 ≤0.012 ≤0.016 0.5-0.8 0.6-0.9 0.17-0.37 1.25-1.65 The rest ≤0.25 ≤0.05 ≤0.03 0.15-0.25 ≤0.2
TU 14-1-950-74 0.37-0.44 ≤0.025 ≤0.025 0.5-0.8 0.6-0.9 0.17-0.37 1.25-1.65 The rest ≤0.25 ≤0.05 ≤0.03 0.15-0.25 ≤0.2
TU 14-4-95-72 0.37-0.44 ≤0.04 ≤0.04 0.5-0.8 0.6-0.9 0.15-0.4 1.6-1.9 The rest - - - 0.2-0.35 -
OST 1 90225-76 0.37-0.44 ≤0.025 ≤0.025 0.5-0.8 0.6-0.9 0.17-0.37 1.25-1.65 The rest ≤0.3 ≤0.05 ≤0.03 0.15-0.25 ≤0.2
Fe is the basis.
GOST 4543-71 regulates the content of high-quality steel: P≤0,025%; S≤0.015%; Сu≤0.25%.
According to TU 14-1-2765-79 the chemical composition is given for steel grade 40ХН2МА-Ш.
According to TU 14-1-950-86 the chemical composition is given for steel grade 40HN2MA.
TU 14-4-95-72 the chemical composition is given for steel grade 40ХНМ.
According to TU 14-1-1885-85 the chemical composition is given for steel grade 40ХН2МА-ВД. To ensure the required grain size, it is allowed to introduce vanadium in the steel smelting at the rate of its content in steel no more than 0.10%, the content of which in steel is not determined. The presence of tungsten to 0.20%, titanium to 0.030% is not a rejection sign. In the steel, partial replacement of molybdenum with tungsten is allowed. The total content of molybdenum and tungsten converted to molybdenum from the calculation: three parts by weight of tungsten replace one part by weight of molybdenum, should correspond to the content of molybdenum indicated in the table. In this case, the content of tungsten in steel should not exceed 0.30%. The allowable variation in manganese content in steel is + 0.010 / -0.020%.

Mechanical characteristics

Section, mm t отпуска, °C sT|s0,2, MPa σB, MPa d5, % y, % kJ/m2, кДж/м2 Brinell hardness number, MPa HRC
Forgings. Hardening + Vacation
500-800 - ≥440 ≥635 ≥11 ≥30 ≥390 197-235 -
300-500 - ≥490 ≥655 ≥12 ≥35 ≥490 212-248 -
500-800 - ≥490 ≥655 ≥11 ≥30 ≥390 212-248 -
100-300 - ≥540 ≥685 ≥13 ≥40 ≥490 223-262 -
300-500 - ≥540 ≥685 ≥12 ≥35 ≥440 223-262 -
100-300 - ≥590 ≥735 ≥13 ≥40 ≥490 235-277 -
300-500 - ≥590 ≥735 ≥12 ≥35 ≥440 235-277 -
500-800 - ≥590 ≥735 ≥10 ≥30 ≥390 235-277 -
100-300 - ≥640 ≥785 ≥13 ≥38 ≥490 248-293 -
300-500 - ≥640 ≥785 ≥11 ≥33 ≥440 248-293 -
100-300 - ≥685 ≥835 ≥12 ≥33 ≥490 262-311 -
≤100 - ≥735 ≥880 ≥13 ≥40 ≥590 277-321 -
100-300 - ≥735 ≥880 ≥12 ≥35 ≥490 277-321 -
≤100 - ≥785 ≥885 ≥12 ≥40 ≥590 293-331 -
100-300 - ≥785 ≥885 ≥11 ≥35 ≥490 293-331 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 540-660 °C (named place of clippings sample)
100-160 - ≥700 900-1100 ≥12 - - - -
Hot-rolled steel and hot rolled with special surface finish. Heat-treated (annealing)
- - - - - - ≤269 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation
- 200 ≥1600 ≥1750 ≥10 ≥50 ≥590 ≥525 -
Gradation of performance properties of the finished heat-treated parts for OST 1 90005-91
- - - 980-1130 - - - 285-331 30-36
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥185 ≥17 ≥32 - - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 540-660 °C (named place of clippings sample)
16-40 - ≥900 1100-1300 ≥10 - - - -
Steel calibrated and calibrated with special surface finish. After spheroidizing annealing
- - ≤640 - ≥50 - ≤269 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation
- 300 ≥1470 ≥1600 ≥10 ≥50 ≥490 ≥475 -
Gradation of performance properties of the finished heat-treated parts for OST 1 90005-91
- - - 1080-1270 - - - 311-363 34-39
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥89 ≥66 ≥90 - - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 540-660 °C (named place of clippings sample)
160-250 - ≥650 850-1000 ≥12 - - - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation
- 400 ≥1240 ≥1370 ≥12 ≥52 ≥590 ≥420 -
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥50 ≥69 ≥90 - - -
Gradation of performance properties of the finished heat-treated parts for OST 1 90005-91
- - - - - - - 285-341 27-37
Blank pieces of pipe fittings. Quenching in oil from 840-860 °C (exposure for 2.5-4.5 hours depending on the thickness and weight of the workpiece) + Holiday cooling in water or oil
≤100 550-620 735-835 ≥880 ≥13 ≥40 ≥600 277-321 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 540-660 °C (named place of clippings sample)
40-100 - ≥800 1000-1200 ≥11 - - - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation
- 500 ≥1080 ≥1180 ≥15 ≥59 ≥880 ≥350 -
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥35 ≥75 ≥90 - - -
Blank pieces of pipe fittings. Quenching in oil from 840-860 °C (exposure for 2.5-4.5 hours depending on the thickness and weight of the workpiece) + Holiday cooling in water or oil
≤80 550-560 785-930 ≥930 ≥12 ≥40 ≥600 293-331 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 540-660 °C (named place of clippings sample)
16 - ≥1000 1200-1400 ≥9 - - - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation
- 600 ≥860 ≥960 ≥20 ≥62 ≥1450 ≥275 -
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥24 ≥72 ≥90 - - -
Blank pieces of pipe fittings. Quenching in oil from 840-860 °C (exposure for 2.5-4.5 hours depending on the thickness and weight of the workpiece) + Vacation, cooling in oil or air
≤20 200-250 ≥1470 ≥1617 ≥9 ≥45 ≥490 - 49.3-54.2
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 620 °C (named place of clippings sample)
60-80 - ≥730 ≥880 ≥17 ≥61 - - ≥29
The sample is diameter 5 mm, length 25 mm, laminated. The rate of deformation of 2 mm/min strain Rate of 0.001 1/s
- - - ≥14 ≥62 ≥90 - - -
Blank pieces of pipe fittings. Quenching in oil from 840-860 °C (exposure for 2.5-4.5 hours depending on the thickness and weight of the workpiece) + Vacation, cooling in oil or air
≤240 570-600 ≥590 ≥735 ≥13 ≥40 ≥490 235-277 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 620 °C (named place of clippings sample)
80-100 - ≥670 ≥850 ≥19 ≥61 - - ≥26
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 580 °C
- - ≥950 ≥1070 ≥16 ≥58 - - -
Blank pieces of pipe fittings. Quenching in oil from 840-860 °C (exposure for 2.5-4.5 hours depending on the thickness and weight of the workpiece) + Vacation, cooling in oil or air
≤500 580-620 ≥490 ≥655 ≥12 ≥35 ≥490 212-248 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 620 °C (named place of clippings sample)
100-120 - ≥630 ≥830 ≥20 ≥62 - - ≥25
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 580 °C
- - ≥830 ≥1010 ≥13 ≥47 - - -
Ring clinocerinae for OST 1 90225-76. Quenching in oil with 835-865 °C + Vacation at 570-670 °C, cooling in oil or water
- ≥833 ≥980 ≥12 ≥44 ≥735 - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 620 °C (named place of clippings sample)
25-40 - ≥880 ≥1030 ≥14 ≥57 - - ≥33
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 580 °C
- - ≥770 ≥950 ≥17 ≥63 - - -
Ring clinocerinae for OST 1 90225-76. Quenching in oil with 835-865 °C + Vacation at 570-670 °C, cooling in oil or water
- ≥833 ≥980 ≥12 ≥55 ≥980 - -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 620 °C (named place of clippings sample)
40-60 - ≥830 ≥980 ≥16 ≥60 - - ≥32
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Vacation at 580 °C
- - ≥680 ≥700 ≥18 ≥80 - - -
Bars and strip hot rolled and forged. Quenching in oil with 835-865 °C + vacation at 570-670 °C, cooling in water or oil
- ≥835 ≥980 ≥12 ≥55 ≥980 294-341 -
Bars and strip hot rolled and forged. Quenching in oil with 835-865 °C + Vacation at 570-670 °C, cooling in oil
25 - ≥932 ≥1080 ≥12 ≥50 ≥785 321-376 -
Bars of steel grade 40KHN2MA (40HNMA) TU 14-1-1885-85. Quenching in oil 840-860 °C + Vacation at 570-670 °C, cooling in water or oil. In the graph KCU KCU values are shown along the fiber/KCU across the grain
Образец 25х25 - ≥835 ≥980 ≥12 ≥55 ≥981/588 293-341 -
Образец 25х25 - ≥930 ≥1080 ≥12 ≥50 ≥784/490 320-375 -
Bars and rods of steel treated in the ladle a synthetic slag in the delivery condition on the other 14-1-658-73. Samples of the cross
- - - ≥7 ≥35 ≥588 293-341 -
- - - ≥7 ≥32 ≥490 320-375 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 835-865 °C + Vacation at 540-570 °C, cooling in water or oil
- ≥930 ≥1080 ≥7 ≥32 ≥490 321-375 -
- ≥930 ≥1080 ≥12 ≥50 ≥780 321-375 -
Rolled steel. Quenching in oil from 835-865 °C + Vacation at 570-620 °C, air cooling
- ≥830 ≥980 ≥7 ≥35 ≥590 293-341 -
- ≥830 ≥980 ≥12 ≥50 ≥980 293-341 -

Description mechanical marks

Name Description
Section Section
sT|s0,2 Yield strength or limit of proportionality with a tolerance for residual deformation of 0.2%
σB Limit short-term strength
d5 Elongation after rupture
y The relative narrowing
kJ/m2 Toughness
HRC Rockwell hardness (indenter diamond spheroconical)

Physical characteristics

Temperature Е, ГПа G, ГПа r, кг/м3 l, Вт/(м · °С) R, НОм · м a, 10-6 1/°С С, Дж/(кг · °С)
20 215 84 7850 39 331 - -
100 211 81 - 38 - 116 490
200 201 77 - 37 - 121 506
300 190 73 - 37 - 127 522
400 177 68 - 35 - 132 536
500 173 66 - 33 - 136 536
600 - - - 31 - 136 -
700 - - - 29 - - 565
800 - - - 27 - 139 -

A description of the physical symbols

Name Description
Е The normal elasticity modulus
G Modulus of elasticity shear torsion
r Density
l Coefficient of thermal conductivity
R UD. the resistivity

Technological properties

Name The value
Weldability Difficult weldability. Method of welding: SMAW. Necessary preheating and subsequent heat treatment.
Propensity to temper brittleness Tend not.
Forging temperature Beginning - 1220 °C, end - 800 °C. the cross Sections up to 80 mm is recommended with the recrystallization annealing, the two supercooling vacation.
Flock-sensitive sensitivity Sensitive.
Workability by cutting In hot-rolled condition in NV 228-235 and blower SB=560 MPa Kn TV.SPL.=0,7 Kn b.St.=0,4.
Macrostructure and contamination Macrostructure of steel when testing for the breaks in the longitudinal direction and transverse templeto selected from rolled, should not have shrinkage, porosity, bubbles, cracks, delamination, inclusions and placenow and defects of fracture, listed in Annex 3 GOST 10243. The Central porosity, point heterogeneity and phase separation in the square should not exceed 1 points; layer-by-layer crystallization and the bright loop - 3 points reference scales GOST 10243. All other defects under GOST 10243, are not allowed. Pollution steel non-metallic inclusions should be according to the average score is not higher (in points): oxides of point 1,5, 2,0 stroke oxides, silicates fragile 1,0, 1,0 silicates plastic, silicates, non-deformed 2,5, 2,5 sulfides, nitrides stroke and point 1,0.

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