General characteristics of bronze
Technical classification
Bronzes are dual as well as multi-component copper alloys, where in addition to zinc, tin and other metals act as alloying elements. A bronze is a bronze in a nutshell. In tin bronze the prevailing alloying element is tin. There are also special bronze (tin-free). Bronze can be foundry and wrought bronze. Casting alloys are designed for shaped castings. Wrought bronze is easily amenable to rolling, stamping, corrugation, forging and other methods of processing under pressure, which are used in production. Compared to brass, bronze has higher strength, corrosion resistance and anti-friction properties. Wrought bronze is very resistant to atmospheric moisture, in seawater, in carbon dioxide solutions, in solutions of organic acids.
Alloying of bronzes
Aluminum, tin, nickel, iron, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, lead, beryllium, zirconium and chromium are used as alloying elements. In those bronzes where the alloying elements are in solid solution, they are strengthened by deformation tacking. Elastic properties of bronzes are improved by further low-temperature annealing at t° from 250 to 300 °C. Bronzes containing chromium, beryllium, zirconium, etc. elements are hardened by dispersion hardening, with variable solubility in α-solute solution. This class includes BrAJH10−4-4 grade bronzes.
The main qualities
Such elements as aluminum, tin, silicon and nickel increase strength of bronze, its elasticity and corrosion resistance, and in combination with phosphorus, lead and zinc — anti-friction properties. Nickel and iron provide grain refinement and increase recrystallization temperature. Silicon and manganese increase the heat resistance of bronzes. Chromium, zirconium and beryllium, especially after the quenching and aging process, significantly increase strength while slightly reducing the electrical conductivity of the alloy. The same elements greatly increase heat resistance. Bronzes (with the exception of aluminum and beryllium) are mostly easy to weld and braze with soft and hard solders.
About tin-free bronze
They are not inferior and sometimes even superior to tin bronzes. Such bronzes are widely used in mechanical engineering and other industries. They are used in production of critical parts: gears, fittings, bushings, bearings, tanks, etc.
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