Physical and chemical properties of titanium
Physical Characteristics
Titanium was discovered in the late 18th century. It belongs to the transition metals 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d2, 4s2. The D-shell is unfinished, resulting in compounds with low valence and high electrical resistance. High specific strength and ductility of this metal, resistance to aggressive media low weight, low creep at high temperatures allowed the realization of the most daring technical projects. .
| Atomic number | Atomic weight | Density | Melting / boiling point | modulus of elasticity | Oxidation state | lattice structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | 47,9 | 4.54 g/cm3 | 1668 °C / 3260 °C | 112 GPa. |
2, 3, 4 | Hexagonal |
Titanium in its pure form is suitable for all types of hot and cold working: forging, drawing, rolling, foil making. It has a high electrical resistance. If the electrical conductivity of silver is taken as 100%, then the electrical conductivity of copper is 94%, aluminum is 60%, iron is 15%, and titanium is 3.8%. Titanium is a paramagnetic with very weak magnetic susceptibility. Its thermal conductivity is very low and is 22.07 W/(mK) which is about 3 times lower than that of iron, 7 times lower than that of magnesium and 17-20 times lower than that of aluminum or copper. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of titanium at 20 °C is 1.5 times lower than that of iron, 2 times lower than that of copper and almost 3 times lower than that of aluminum.
Strengthening
During heat treatment of titanium, an alphiated layer is formed on the surface of semi-finished products due to active interaction of hot titanium with oxygen and nitrogen
| Alloy grade | Oxygen content in the altered layer mg/cm2 | Depth of alphinated layer (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| WT-1 | 2,8 | 0,8 |
| OT-4 | 1,5 | 0,2 |
| VT3-1 | 2,5 | 0,6 |
| ВТ-5 | 4,2 | 2,0 |
| ВТ-6 | 2,2 | 0,6 |
| VT-9 cast | 7,3 | 0,8 |
| Alloy grade | Nitriding depth | Surface hardness kgf/mm2 |
|---|---|---|
| WT-1 | 0,06 - 0,08 | 750 - 850 |
| VT3-1 | 0,04 - 0,05 | 700 - 750 |
| VT-5 | 0,08 - 0,1 | 750 - 800 |
| VT-8 | 0,12 - 0,14 | 700 - 750 |
| VT-14 | 0,14 - 0,16 | 750 - 850 |
Nitriding of titanium alloys increases heat and especially wear resistance and resistance to abrasion. The most common method of nitriding is the heating of semi-finished products in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen to a temperature of 850 to 950 °C. If the alloy contains aluminum or zirconium, nitriding speed and depth increases, up to 0.2 mm.
Carbidization (cementation) is an effective method of hardening titanium alloys. It is carried out in a mixture with activated carbon in a vacuum or in an atmosphere of a mixture of argon 5% carbon monoxide, methane or propane... Processing in an atmosphere of a gas mixture leads to saturation with hydrogen, which reduces the plasticity of titanium. Processing with charcoal takes 24 - 48 hours, but leads to deeper carbideization.
Provider
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