Density, concentration and resistance of nickel wire
Relevance
Although nickel ore reserves in the lithosphere rank only thirteenth among metallic ores, nickel is no less important today than iron, aluminum, copper, and other metals. Nickel is the basis for the creation of heat-resistant materials with unique properties. To date, the nickel industry has created more than 3,000 alloys. In the consumption structure, 80% of Ni is consumed by alloys. 20% is used for protective coatings. This metal gives the alloy its valuable qualities. Aviation, power industry, industrial chemistry, food industry, electrical engineering are in particular need of nickel alloys. Radar and television could not do without nickel. Nickel plates have replaced cadmium plates in neutron beam breakers that generate high-energy neutron pulses. Nickel plates are used in ultrasonic machines and also in modern telephones. Alloys with manganese additives (manganese nickel) are used in incandescent lamps and special rectifiers for electrode holders. Nickel ensures excellent corrosion resistance. This is one of the main reasons why nickel plating is so widespread. The protective layer of nickel not only increases resistance to corrosion, but also gives the product an aesthetic appearance.
Thermo-electrode alloys
The specific electrical resistance of nickel wire changes with increasing temperature. Nickel acts as a determining factor in the formation of heat-resistant and thermo-electrode alloys. The specific electrical resistance of nickel wire under normal conditions is at 0.87 Ohmxmm2/m... Nickel-based alloys have the necessary qualities due to compliance with the production technology specified in regulatory documents (GOST, TU, international standards).
Alumel is a nickel-based 93-96% nickel-based thermoelectric alloy. Percentage composition
| Alloy | Ni | Al | Mn | Si | Co | Impurities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alumel | 93-96% | 1,8-2,5% | 1,8-2,2% | 0,8-1,2% | 0,5% | 0,5% |
- Melting point: 1430-1450°C.
- Density: 8.67 g/cm3.
- Wire specific electrical resistance: 0.33 Ohmxmm2/m.
- Temperature coefficient of linear expansion: 13,7x10-6/°C.
Kopel is a thermocouple copper-nickel alloy. Percentage composition
| Alloy | Ni | Cu | Fe | Si | Co | Impurities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kopel | 43-44% | 52-53% | 2-3% | 0,5% | 0,2% | 0,5% |
- Melting point: 1220-1290°C.
- Density: 8.9 g/cm3.
- Wire specific electrical resistance: 0.47 Ohmxmm2/m.
- Temperature coefficient of linear expansion: 14x10-6/°C.
Chromel is an 89-91% nickel-based thermoelectrode alloy. Percentage composition
| Alloy | Ni | Cr | Mn | Si | Co | Impurities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromel | 89-91% | 8,7-10% | 1,8-2,2% | 0,8-1,2% | 0,5% | 0,5% |
- Melting point: 1400-1500°C.
- Density: 8.72 g/cm3.
- Wire specific electrical resistance: 0.68 Ohmxmm2/m.
- Temperature coefficient of linear expansion: 12,8x10-6/°C.
Constantan is a thermocouple copper-nickel alloy. Percentage composition
| Alloy | Ni | Cu | Mn | Si | Impurities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constantan | 43-44% | 57-60% | 1-2% | 0,2% | 0,5% |
- Melting point: 1260 °C.
- Density: 8.9 g/cm3.
- Wire specific electrical resistance: 0.5 Ohmxmm2/m.
- Temperature coefficient of linear expansion: 14,4x10-6/°C.
Production of thermocouple nickel wire alumel, copel, constantan, chromel are regulated by GOST 1790-77. Compensation wires of nickel wire chromel, copel, constantan must meet the requirements of GOST 1791-67. Chemical composition of nickel and copper-nickel thermal electrode alloys is regulated by GOST 492-2006.
Application
Alumel and chromel alloys are most widely used as material for thermocouples. With their help it is possible to accurately measure the temperature in a large range in oxidizing environments (up to t ° 1200-1300 ° C), i.e. in industrial processes. Nickel and copper alloys (copel, constantan) are used for rheostats. In such alloys 40-50% Ni and electrical resistance does not change with changes in temperature.
Structural alloys
Reactive engineering would not be possible without the special heat resistant alloys Inconel, Hastelloy. Transport engineering is based on the use of such high-strength nickel alloys. Chemical reactors, tanks, boilers and crucibles with high corrosion resistance are made of such alloys. Nickel alloys play a critical role in the construction of gas turbine engines and nuclear boilers. They are used as high-temperature protective cladding to protect uranium rods from corrosion in the nuclear reactor.
The percentage composition of the alloy Inconel 600
| Cr | Ni | Cu | Mn | Si | C | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14-17 | 43-44 | 0,5 | 1 | 0,5 | 0,15 | 0,015 |
Inconel 625
| Cr | Ni | Co | Mn | Si | C | Al | Ti | Nb | P, S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21-23 | 56 | 1 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 0,4 | 3.5-4 | 0,015 |
Hastelloy B-2
| Mo | Cr | Co | Mn | Fe | C | W | Si | Ni |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0,01 | --- | 0,1 | base |
Hastelloy B-3
| Mo | Cr | Co | Mn | Fe | C | W | Si | Ni |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28,5 | 1,5 | 3 | 3 | 1,5 | 0,01 | --- | 0,1 | base |
Hastelloy C-4
| Mo | Cr | Co | Mn | Fe | C | W | Si | Ni |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | 16 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0,01 | --- | 0,08 | basis |
Supplier
The products presented in the warehouse of the supplier "Auremo" have a quality certificate. The technical documentation reflects the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the products. With us it is easy to buy any metal products for large-scale productions. We also offer optimum conditions for retail customers. High level of service is rightly the face of our company. For more detailed advice on supplies you should contact the manager of the company. Supplier Auremo is one of the leading experts in the nickel products market. Contact phones and necessary details are available in the appropriate section of the site. Auremo's courier service will deliver the order to any city.
