GOST 3443-87
GOST 3443−87 cast iron Castings with graphite of different form. Methods of determining the structure
GOST 3443−87
Group В89
INTERSTATE STANDARD
CAST IRON CASTINGS WITH GRAPHITE OF DIFFERENT FORM
Methods of determining the structure
Cast iron castings with graphite of different form. Methods of structure determination
ISS 77.140.80
OKP 41 1100
Date of introduction 1988−07−01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of power engineering
2. APPROVED AND put INTO EFFECT by Decision of the USSR State Committee for standards from
3. The standard corresponds to the international standard ISO 945−75* in part of the method of constructing scales to assess the shape, size and distribution of inclusions of graphite
4. REPLACE GOST 3443−77
5. REFERENCE NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
| The designation of the reference document referenced |
Application number |
| ISO 945−75 |
1 |
6. Limitation of actions taken by Protocol No. 7−95 Interstate Council for standardization, Metrology and certification (ICS 11−95)
7. REPRINTING. August 2005
This standard applies to castings made of cast iron for structural purposes with graphite of different form and establishes methods of determining the structure of grey cast iron with lamellar graphite spheroidal cast iron with spheroidal and vermicular graphite iron and malleable cast iron with compact graphite.
The standard is designed to assess the structure of unalloyed and low-alloyed cast iron as-cast and subjected to annealing for removal of internal stress, high temperature annealing, normalizing or other heat treatment to obtain the desired structure.
The standard does not apply to high-alloy cast iron.
The standard corresponds to the international standard ISO 945−75 in respect of the method of constructing scales to assess the shape, size and distribution of inclusions of graphite (see Annex 1).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The structure of cast iron is determined by the graphite and the metal base.
In determining the estimate should be graphite: form, distribution, size, number of inclusions of graphite.
In determining the metallic base evaluation subject: view of the structure, the form of pearlite, the content of pearlite (or ferrite), pearlite dispersity, structure, distribution, sizes of the grid cells and the area of the inclusions fosrenol eutectic, the number and size of inclusions of cementite (cementite or of ledeburite).
1.2. To denote the components of the structure and their characteristic features used the notation keys indicated in the table.1.
Table 1
| Structural component |
The estimated parameter |
The symbol |
| Graphite: | ||
| plate |
PG | |
| iron |
VG | |
| spherical |
SHG | |
| compact |
KG | |
| The shape of inclusions |
PGF; VGF; SGF; FCT | |
| The size of the inclusions |
PGD; SGD; the Src and the digital value of the average size (length or diameter) of inclusions of graphite (µm) | |
| The distribution of inclusions |
PGR; Vgr; SGR | |
| The number of inclusions |
PG; VG; CG and digital value of the average area (%) occupied by the graphite on the microsection | |
| Metal base | Structure: | |
| ferrite |
F | |
| perlite plate |
Пт1 | |
| perlite granular |
Пт2 | |
| troostite |
T | |
| beynit |
B | |
| martensite |
M | |
| Perlite |
Dispersion |
PD and the digital value of the average distance between the plates of cementite (µm) |
| Pearlite or ferrite |
The contents |
P or f and a digital value of the average area (%) occupied by these components on the microsection |
| Fosfina the eutectic | Structure: |
FE |
| FE1 FE2 | ||
| triple granular |
ФЭ3 | |
| triple needle |
ФЭ4 | |
| triple and plates of cementite |
ФЭ5 | |
| Distribution |
Fair | |
| The diameter of the grid cells |
The fed and the digital value of the average diameter of cells (µm) | |
| The area of the inclusions |
The FEP and the digital value of the average area of isolated inclusions (µm | |
| Cementite |
The number of inclusions |
TS and the digital value of the average area (%) occupied by cementite on the microsection |
| The area of the inclusions |
The CPU and the digital value of the average area of isolated inclusions of cementite (µm |
2. SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF SAMPLES
2.1. Samples for preparation of thin section studies of the structure machined from castings, tidal or specially cast samples as well as cast billets, used to manufacture samples for mechanical testing.
Not allowed to use specimens cut from the riser, heaving or profit.
Allowed preparation of thin section on the working surface of the casting without cutting out the special sample.
2.2. Sampling and making thin sections for structure determination is carried out in such a way as not to disturb them in the structure of cast iron.
If the technical conditions specified casting heat treatment, the samples to analyze the structure taken after heat treatment.
Specially molded blanks, tides or sample for samples subjected to heat treatment together with the casting.
2.3. The selection and number of samples for structure determination, as well as requirements on the structure of cast iron are specified in the technical specifications for the casting.
2.4. When cutting samples from the cast should take into account the heterogeneity of the structure of cast iron depending on wall thickness and length of the casting.
Samples are taken of such size and cross-section to provide a complete view of the structure of castings.
For thick-walled castings, the sample should be measuring at least 3 cmbut not more than 9 cm
, for thin-walled castings in the area of the cone not less than 0.2 cm
. For small parts (such as individual piston rings) is allowed for sections smaller. The height of the cone should not be more than 15−20 mm.
Place cuttings samples from the cast must be defined in the drawing.
When you structure on the samples cut from the tides to the casting or separately cast samples, it is necessary that the wall thickness and crystallization conditions of the tide (or sample) and the castings were the same.
The size of the tide and its location on the casting must be indicated on the drawing.
In determining the structure directly on the working surface of the casting cone is made to a depth equal to the allowance for machining. It allowed the production of thin section after machining of the casting.
3. TESTING
3.1. The surface of the cone needs to be mirrored without any scratches from the operations of grinding and polishing, oxides and other contaminants.
3.2. The study of graphite is carried out on netravlenoy the cone, and metallic substrates — thin sections after etching.
For etching the surface of the cone used reagents is given in Appendix 2.
3.3. To define the structure of cast iron of the cone examined under the microscope at the magnifications listed on the reference scales. of Annex 3.
To assess the structure choose parts of the cone located away from the edges a minimum distance or
thickness or diameter of the specimen.
3.4. Evaluation of structure of cast iron is carried out visually by comparison of the structures visible in the microscope, the structure of the Etalon corresponding to the scale.
For a more accurate assessment of the structure should be applied to linear, point, or planimetric methods of quantitative metallography, as well as special automatic installation Quantimet, Epiquant etc.
3.5. Determination of graphite
3.5.1. Depending on the type of graphite cast iron in its structure is determined by the scales 1−4 Annex 3: cast iron with lamellar graphite — 1 scale, cast iron with vermicular graphite — a scale 2, the spheroidal graphite cast irons — 3 scale, cast iron with compact graphite — 4 scale.
3.5.2. Form of inclusions of graphite in structure of cast iron is assessed: for cast iron with lamellar graphite — according to the scale 1A, with vermicular graphite — a scale 2A, nodular — scale 3A and with a compact graphite — 4A scale.
If the structure of cast iron has graphite in different forms, it is necessary to visually estimate the percentage of each form and specify it in the designation of a structure.
3.5.3. Depending on the size (length or diameter) of inclusions of graphite structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.2 and scales: for cast iron with lamellar graphite scale 1B, nodular — scale 3B, with a compact graphite — scale 4B.
Table 2
| Marking |
The length of the inclusions of lamellar graphite, micron |
Marking |
The diameter of the inclusions is spherical or compact graphite, micron | ||||||
| ПГд15 |
To | 15 | ШГд15; КГд15 |
To | 15 | ||||
| ПГд25 |
From | 15 | " | 30 |
ШГд25; КГд25 |
From | 15 | " | 30 |
| ПГд45 |
" | 30 | " | 60 |
ШГд45; КГд45 |
" | 30 | " | 60 |
| ПГд90 |
" | 60 | " | 120 |
ШГд90; КГд90 |
" | 60 | " | 120 |
| ПГд180 |
" | 120 | " | 250 |
ШГд180; КГд180 |
" | 120 | " | 250 |
| ПГд350 |
" | 250 | " | 500 |
ШГд360; КГд360 |
" | 250 | " | 500 |
| ПГд750 |
" | 500 | " | 1000 | |||||
| ПГд1000 | " | 1000 | |||||||
Determining the size of inclusions of graphite is conducted at an average length or diameter of the three largest inclusions in the microsection, measured in at least three fields of view.
If the structure of cast iron has graphite in various shapes, sizes of its inclusions are defined for each form.
3.5.4. Depending on the distribution of inclusions of graphite structure of cast iron is assessed: for cast iron with lamellar graphite according to the scale 1B, compacted graphite iron on a scale 2B, the spheroidal graphite cast irons — 3V scale.
If the structure of cast iron inclusions of graphite in various types of distribution, covering an area of up to 1.0% of the total area of the cone, they should be viewed as «footprints».
3.5.5. Depending on the number of inclusions of graphite structure of cast iron with lamellar graphite is evaluated on a table.3 and a scale of 1G, nodular at the table.3 scale and 3G.
Table 3
| Marking |
The area occupied by graphite, % | |||
| ПГ2, ШГ2 |
To | 3 | ||
| ПГ4, ШГ4 |
From | 3 | " | 5 |
| ПГ6, ШГ6 |
" | 5 | " | 8 |
| A10, ШГ10 |
" | 8 | " | 12 |
| ПГ12, ШГ12 |
" | 12 | ||
The number of inclusions of graphite is estimated the average percentage of the area occupied on the microsection, and is determined not less than 3 fields of view.
3.5.6. The number of globular graphite in the structure of cast iron with vermicular graphite is evaluated on a table.4 and the scale 2B.
Table 4
| Marking |
The area covered by spherical graphite, % | |||
| ВГ100 |
0 | |||
| ВГ98 |
To | 5 | ||
| ВГ92 |
From |
5 | " | 10 |
| ВГ85 |
" | 10 | " | 20 |
| ВГ70 |
" | 20 | " | 40 |
The proportion of spherical graphite relative to iron is estimated the average percentage of the area occupied by the specified graphite on a polished section and defined at least 3 fields of view.
3.6. The definition of metal base
3.6.1. Depending on the type of the metal base structure of cast iron is determined on a scale of 5.
3.6.2. Depending on the amount of pearlite or ferrite percentage (pearlite + ferrite = 100%) structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.5 and a scale 6 of Annex 3; for large and medium castings of cast iron with lamellar graphite at a low speed of cooling Bank 1, for thin-walled castings made of cast iron with lamellar graphite at high velocity cooling — a number 2, for castings made of cast iron with vermicular graphite — 3 range, for castings from cast iron with nodular graphite — series 4, casting of malleable cast iron — number 5.
Table 5
| Marking |
The area occupied by the pearlite, % | |||
| P |
From | 98 | ||
| П96 |
" | 94 | to | 98 |
| П92 |
" | 90 | to | 94 |
| П85 |
" | 80 | to | 90 |
| П70 |
" | 60 | to | 80 |
| P45 |
" | 30 | to | 60 |
| П20 |
" | 10 | to | 30 |
| P6 |
" | 2 | to | 10 |
| L0 |
" | 2 | ||
| F0 |
To | 2 | ||
| F4 |
From | 2 | " | 6 |
| F8 |
" | 6 | " | 10 |
| The F15 |
" | 10 | " | 20 |
| Ф30 |
" | 20 | " | 40 |
| Ф55 |
" | 40 | " | 70 |
| F80 |
" | 70 | " | 90 |
| Ф94 |
" | 90 | " | 98 |
| F |
" | 98 | ||
The amount of pearlite or ferrite is estimated the average percentage of the area occupied by these structural components in thin section and defined at least 3 fields of view.
3.6.3. View regional zones in samples of ductile cast iron determined by the scale 7.
3.6.4. Depending on the degree of dispersion of lamellar pearlite structural cast iron is evaluated in the table.6 and the scale 8 of Annex 3.
Table 6
| Marking |
The distance between the plates of cementite, µm | |||
| ПД0,3 |
To | 0,3 | ||
| ПД0,5 |
From | 0,3 | " | 0,8 |
| ПД1,0 |
" | 0,8 | " | 1,3 |
| ПД1,4 |
" | 1,3 | " | 1,6 |
| ПД1,6 |
" | 1,6 | ||
Dispersion of lamellar pearlite is determined by the average distance between the plates of cementite. This distance is measured in grains of pearlite, the greatest dispersion, where the cementite plate is perpendicular to the plane of the thin section.
If necessary, a more accurate determination of dispersion of perlite should be used assessment method is given in Appendix 2.
3.6.5. Depending on the structure fosrenol eutectic structure of cast iron is assessed on a scale 9A: the etching of the cone is 4.0% alcohol solution of nitric acid is number 1, the etching of the thin section is heated to 70−80 °With a solution of Murakami — the number 2.
3.6.6. Depending on the nature of the distribution of values fosrenol eutectic structure of cast iron is assessed on a scale 9B.
3.6.7. Depending on the diameter of the grid cells fosrenol eutectic structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.7 and a scale 9 of Annex 3.
Table 7
| Marking |
The diameter of the grid cells, mcm | |||
| ФЭд250 |
To | 250 | ||
| ФЭд400 |
From | 250 | " | 500 |
| ФЭд650 |
" | 500 | " | 750 |
| ФЭд1000 |
" | 750 | " | 1250 |
| ФЭд1250 |
" | 1250 | ||
The diameter of the grid cell is determined by the average value of the diameters of the three largest cells.
3.6.8. Depending on the size of isolated inclusions fosrenol eutectic determined by the average area of the three largest inclusions, structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.8 and 9G scale required applications 3.
Table 8
| Marking |
Square, the largest inclusions, microns | |||
| ФЭп2000 |
To | 2000 | ||
| ФЭп6000 | From | 2000 | " | 10000 |
| ФЭп13000 |
" | 10000 | " | 16000 |
| ФЭп20000 |
" | 16000 | " | 20000 |
| ФЭп25000 |
" | 25000 | ||
3.6.9. Depending on the number of cementite or cementite of ledeburite structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.9 and 10A scale required applications 3.
Table 9
| Marking |
The area occupied by cementite or cementite of ledeburite, % | |||
| C2 |
To | 2 | ||
| Ц4 |
From | 2 | " | 5 |
| Ц10 |
" | 5 | " | 15 |
| Ц25 |
" | 15 | " | 40 |
| Ц40 |
" | 40 | ||
The amount of cementite or cementite of ledeburite estimated average percentage of the area occupied by these inclusions on a polished section and define at least three fields of view.
If the structure of cast iron inclusions of cementite in the amount of less than 1.0% (one or two include an area of less than 2000 micronsin two or three fields of view) they should be viewed as «footprints».
3.6.10. Depending on the size of isolated inclusions of cementite or cementite of ledeburite defined by the average area of the three largest inclusions, structure of cast iron is estimated in the table.10 and the scale 10B of Annex 3.
Table 10
| Marking |
The size of the largest inclusions of cementite or cementite of ledeburite, µm | ||||
| Цп2000 |
To | 2000 | |||
| Цп6000 | From | 2000 | " | 10000 | |
| Цп13000 |
" | 10000 | " | 16000 | |
| Цп20000 |
" | 16000 | " | 25000 | |
| Цп25000 |
" | 25000 | |||
Examples record the results of structure determination
The structure of cast iron with evenly distributed graphite plate of rectilinear shape with a length of 60−120 mm; metal base: pearlite plate in an amount of from 30 to 60% with megaplatinum distance of 0.5 microns; fosfina the eutectic triple needle structure in the form of separate inclusions:
ПГф1-ПГр1-ПГд90-Пт1-P45-Пд0,5-ФЭ3-ФЭр1
The structure of the spheroidal graphite cast irons correct shape with a diameter from 30 to 60 µm; the metal shell: 60% of lamellar perlite, granular perlite:
ШГф5-ШГд45-Пт1-П70-Пт2
The structure of malleable cast iron with inclusions of graphite compact shape with a diameter of 40−50 microns; metal shell: 60% of lamellar pearlite with megaplatinum a distance of 0.8 µm, and 40% ferrite.
КГф3-КГд45-Пт1-П70-Ф30-Пд1,0
The structure of cast iron with vermicular graphite thickened shape, unevenly distributed, the number of vermicular graphite 85%; metal base 80% ferrite.
ВГф3-ВГр2-ВГ85-F80.
ANNEX 1 (reference)
ANNEX 1
Reference
Table 11
Compliance notation standards for evaluation in the form of graphite in scales of this standard and the ISO standard 945−75
| The graphite form |
Designation standard in GOST 3443−87 |
Marking reference standard ISO 945−75 |
| Plate straight |
ПГф1 |
I |
| Nest shaped |
ПГф4 |
II |
| Vermiform |
ВГф2 |
III |
| Threadlike |
КГф1 |
IV |
| Compact |
КГф3 |
V |
| Spherical |
ШГф5 |
VI |
| Needle |
ПГф3 |
- |
Table 12
Compliance designations of the standards to estimate the distribution of graphite in scales of this standard and the ISO standard 945−75
| The distribution of graphite |
Designation standard in GOST 3443−87 |
The designation of the standard in ISO 945−75 |
| Uniform |
ПГр1 |
And |
| Uneven |
ПГр2 |
With |
| Female |
ПГр7 |
In |
| Midodrine |
ПГр8 |
D |
| ПГр9 |
E | |
| Twig |
ПГр5 |
- |
| Colony lamellar graphite |
ПГр3 |
- |
| Colony mezhdunarodnogo graphite |
ПГр4 |
- |
| Net |
ПГр6 |
- |
Table 13
Compliance designations of the standards to estimate the size (length and diameter) of inclusions of graphite in scales of this standard and the ISO standard 945−75
| Length or diameter of particles, microns |
Designation standard in GOST 3443−87 |
The designation of the standard in ISO 945−75 | |||
| SV. | 1000 | 1 | |||
| From | 500 | to | 1000 |
PGD |
2 |
| " | 250 | " | 500 |
PGD, ШГд360 | 3 |
| " | 120 | " | 250 |
PGD, ШГд180 |
4 |
| " | 60 | " | 125 |
PGD, ШГд90 |
5 |
| " | 30 | " | 60 |
PGD, ШГд45 |
6 |
| " | 15 | " | 30 |
PGD, ШГд25 |
7 |
| " | 15 | PGD, ШГд15 |
8 | ||
APPENDIX 2 (recommended)
ANNEX 2
Recommended
The composition of the reagents for the etching of thin sections and identify the overall structure of cast iron and a separate structural components
| The purpose of etching |
The name and composition of the reagent |
Method of etching |
The result of the etching |
| A General idea about the structure, identification of lamellar and granular pearlite, troostite, martensite |
4% solution of nitric acid (4 cm |
Etching at room temperature |
Perlite troostite dark, bright ferrite |
| Beynit or martensite |
1 g picric acid and 95 cm |
Beynit dark, bright martensit | |
| the eutectic Fosfina* |
Picrate sodium (2 g picric acid, 10 g
|
Etching heated to 70−80 °With a solution of sodium picrate with subsequent etching of the microsection in 4% strength solution of nitric acid |
Phosphide is a dark grey, cementite and white ferrite. With prolonged etching, the cementite is painted in brown color |
The Murakami reagent [2 g of salt |
Etching heated to 70−80 °C reagent followed by etching of the microsection in 4% strength solution of nitric acid |
Phosphide dark brown, white cementite, ferrite gray-blue | |
| The nature of the distribution, the size of the grid cells, the size of the inclusions |
4% solution of nitric acid or for deeper etching a 10% solution of nitric acid (10 ml and 90 ml ethyl alcohol) |
Etching at room temperature |
Fosfina and cementite eutectics white, background, metal base, dark |
| Cementite |
The same |
The same |
The same |
and 96 cm
, 88 cm
, 25 g 
and
________________
* The text of the document matches the original. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
Assessment of the dispersion of perlite
Determination of the dispersion of the perlite is conducted using the following method: in the plane of the thin section under the microscope using ocularocular on an arbitrary straight section length of 1000 µm count the number of crossing it under the arbitrary corners of the plates of cementite . Then the true mean between the plates of cementite distance (
) in micrometers is calculated by the formula
ANNEX 3 (required)
APPENDIX 3
Mandatory
SCALE 1. DEFINITION OF GRAPHITE IN STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON WITH LAMELLAR GRAPHITE
SCALE 1. DEFINITION OF GRAPHITE IN STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON WITH LAMELLAR GRAPHITE
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
| Plate straight |
Plate a twist |
| ПГф1 | ПГф2 |
| Needle | Nest shaped |
| ПГф3 | ПГф4 |
B. the Length of graphite inclusions (µm)
B. the Length of graphite inclusions (µm)
| ПГд15 | ПГд25 |
| ПГд45 |
ПГд90 |
| ПГд180 |
ПГд350 |
| ПГд750 | ПГд1000 |
V. the Distribution of inclusions of graphite
V. the Distribution of inclusions of graphite
| Uniform | Uneven | ||
| ПГр1 | ПГр2 | ||
| Colony lamellar graphite |
Colony mezhdunarodnogo graphite | ||
| ПГр3 | ПГр4 | ||
| Twig |
Net | ||
| ПГр5 | ПГр6 | ||
| Female |
Midodrine point |
Midodrine plate | |
| ПГр7 | ПГр8 | ПГр9 | |
G. Number of inclusions of graphite (%)
G. Number of inclusions of graphite (%)
| ПГ2 |
ПГ4 |
ПГ6 | |
| A10 | ПГ12 | ||
SCALE 2. DEFINITION OF GRAPHITE IN STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON WITH VERMICULAR GRAPHITE
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
| Nodular |
Winding |
Thickened |
| ВГф1 | ВГф2 | ВГф3 |
B. Distribution of inclusions of graphite
B. Distribution of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
Isolated inclusions
| Uniform |
Uneven |
Female |
| ВГр1 | ВГр2 | ВГр3 |
Midentity
| Colony branched |
Colonies isolated |
| ВГр4 | ВГр5 |
V. the Number of inclusions of vermicular graphite (%)
| ВГ100 |
ВГ98 |
ВГ92 | |
| ВГ85 | ВГ70 | ||
SCALE 3. DEFINITION OF GRAPHITE IN THE STRUCTURE OF HIGH-STRENGTH CAST IRON WITH SPHERICAL GRAPHITE
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
| Broken |
Star |
Compact | |
| ШГф1 | ШГф2 |
ШГф3 | |
| Spherical wrong |
Spherical correct | ||
| ШГф4 | ШГф5 | ||
B. the Diameter of nodule (mm)
| ШГд15 |
ШГд25 |
ШГд45 |
| ШГд90 | ШГд180 | ШГд360 |
V. the Distribution of inclusions of graphite
V. the Distribution of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
| Uniform |
Uneven |
| ШГр1 |
ШГр2 |
| Stroke |
Clusters of small inclusions |
| ШГр3 | ШГр4 |
G. Number of inclusions of graphite (%)
G. Number of inclusions of graphite (%)
| ШГ2 |
ШГ4 |
ШГ6 | |
| ШГ10 | ШГ12 | ||
SCALE 4. DEFINITION OF GRAPHITE IN THE STRUCTURE OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON WITH COMPACT GRAPHITE
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
A. Form of inclusions of graphite
Magnified 100 times
| Threadlike |
Flakey |
Compact |
| КГф1 | КГф2 | КГф3 |
B. the Diameter of nodule (mm)
B. the Diameter of nodule (mm)
| КГд15 |
КГд25 |
КГд45 |
| КГд90 | КГд180 | КГд350 |
SCALE 5. THE LAYOUT OF THE METALLIC BASE OF CAST IRONS
Magnified about 500 times
| F |
Пт1 |
Пт2 |
| T | B | M |
SCALE 6. THE CONTENTS OF PEARLITE AND FERRITE IN THE STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON (%)
A. Cast iron with lamellar graphite. Number 1
A. Cast iron with lamellar graphite. Number 1
Magnified 100 times
| P (F0) |
П96 (F4) |
П92 (F8) |
| П85 (F15) |
П70 (Ф30) |
P45 (Ф55) |
| П20 (F80) | L6 (Ф94) | L0 (F) |
B. Cast iron with lamellar graphite. Number 2
B. Cast iron with lamellar graphite. Number 2
| P (F0) |
П96 (F4) |
П92 (F8) |
| П85 (F15) |
П70 (Ф30) |
P45 (Ф55) |
| П20 (F80) | L6 (Ф94) | L0 (F) |
B. vermicular graphite Iron. Number 3
B. vermicular graphite Iron. Number 3
| P (F0) |
П96 (F4) |
П92 (F8) |
| П85 (F15) |
П70 (Ф30) |
P45 (Ф55) |
| П20 (F80) | L6 (Ф94) | L0 (F) |
G. ductile Iron. Number 4
G. ductile Iron. Number 4
| P (F0) |
П96 (F4) |
П92 (F8) |
| П85 (F15) |
П70 (Ф30) |
P45 (Ф55) |
| П20 (F80) | L6 (Ф94) | L0 (F) |
D. Cast iron with compact graphite. Number 5
D. Cast iron with compact graphite. Number 5
Magnified 100 times
| P (F0) |
П96 (F4) |
П92 (F8) |
| П85 (F15) |
П70 (Ф30) |
P45 (Ф55) |
| П20 (F80) | L6 (Ф94) | L0 (F) |
SCALE 7. VIEW REGIONAL ZONES OF DUCTILE IRON
Magnified 100 times
| Ferrite and oxide |
Ferrite and pearlite banding |
| KR1 |
Kr2 |
| Obesplozhennym layer, ferrite and pearlite |
Obesplozhennym layer and perlite |
| Kr3 | Кр4 |
SCALE 8. THE DISPERSION OF PERLITE IN THE STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON
Magnified about 500 times
| PD 0,3 |
PD 0,5 | PD 1,0 |
| PD 1,4 | PD 1,6 |
SCALE 9. FOSFINA THE EUTECTIC IN THE STRUCTURE OF CAST IRONS
A. the structure of the inclusions of eutectic fosrenol
A. the structure of the inclusions of eutectic fosrenol
Magnified about 500 times
| Pseudovina — phosphide and ferrite |
Pseudovina — phosphide and cementite |
Triple fine-grained | ||||
| Number 1 |
||||||
| FE1 |
FE2 |
ФЭ3 | ||||
| Triple needle |
The triple plates of cementite | |||||
Etching: 4% alcohol solution of nitric acid | ||||||
| ФЭ4 |
ФЭ5 | |||||
| Pseudovina — phosphide and ferrite | Pseudovina — phosphide and cementite |
Triple fine-grained | ||||
| Number 2 | ||||||
| FE1 |
FE2 |
ФЭ3 | ||||
| Triple needle |
The triple plates of cementite | |||||
Etching: heated to 70−80 °With a Murakami solution with the subsequent etching of 4% solution of nitric acid | ||||||
| ФЭ4 | ФЭ5 | |||||
B. Distribution of inclusions fosrenol eutectic
B. Distribution of inclusions fosrenol eutectic
Increased 20 times
| Uniform |
Torn mesh |
Solid mesh | |
| Number 1 |
|||
| ФЭр1 | ФЭр2 | ФЭр3 |
Enlarged 50 times
| Number 2 |
|||
| ФЭр1 | ФЭр2 | ФЭр3 |
V. the Diameter of the grid cell fosrenol eutectic (µm)
V. the Diameter of the grid cell fosrenol eutectic (µm)
Increased 20 times
| ФЭд250 |
ФЭд400 |
ФЭд650 | |
| ФЭд1000 | ФЭд1250 | ||
Magnified 100 times
| ФЭд250 |
ФЭд400 |
ФЭд650 | |
| ФЭд1000 | ФЭд1250 | ||
G. the area of the inclusions of eutectic fosrenol
G. the area of the inclusions of eutectic fosrenol
Magnified 100 times
| ФЭп2000 |
ФЭп6000 | ФЭп13000 | |
| ФЭп20000 | ФЭп25000 | ||
The SCALE 10. DEFINITION OF CEMENTITE OR CEMENTITE OF LEDEBURITE IN THE STRUCTURE OF CAST IRON
A. the Content of cementite or cementite of ledeburite
A. the Content of cementite or cementite of ledeburite
Magnified 100 times
| C2 |
Ц4 |
Ц10 | |
| Ц25 | Ц40 | ||
B. the area of the inclusions of cementite or cementite of ledeburite
B. the area of the inclusions of cementite or cementite of ledeburite
Magnified 100 times
| CPU 2000 | CPU 6000 | CPU 13000 | |
| CPU 20000 | CPU 25000 | ||
The electronic text of the document
prepared by JSC «Code» and checked by:
the official publication of the
M.: STANDARTINFORM, 2005
