World REE reserves and production
| Countries | Reserves (thousand tons) | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 27 000 | 88 000 | 92 000 | 95 000 | 119 000 | 119 000 | 120 000 |
| CIS | 19 000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | -- | -- |
| USA | 13 000 | 5000 | 4500 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Australia | 5200 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| India | 1100 | 2700 | 2700 | 2700 | 2700 | 2700 | 2700 |
| Canada | 940 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| South Africa | 390 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Brazil | 110 | 200 | -- | -- | -- | 730 | 730 |
| Malaysia | thirty | 450 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 200 | 200 |
| Sri Lanka | 12 | 120 | 120 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Thailand n. d | -- | 2200 | 2200 | 2200 | -- | -- | -- |
| Dr. countries | 21 000 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Total | 88 000 | 98 300 | 99 100 | 102 000 | 123 000 | 123 000 | 124 000 |
Leading manufacturers
As can be seen from the table, the largest reserves of rare earth metals are concentrated in China. China accounts for more than 90% of world production. It should be noted that the planned capacity of Chinese factories is about 180,000 tons per year. The first place in the production of rare earth metals is occupied by a plant in Baotou (Inner Mongolia). In 2006 and 2007, this plant produced 46.6 and 55 thousand tons of REE, respectively. The American MolyCorp is the leading importer of rare earth ores independent of China, and the alliance SMZ-Silmet (Estonia) is the main importer of finished products independent of China, which supplied 3.2 thousand tons of rare earth metals in 2007 (in terms of oxides).
Prospects for supplies
Changes in the world market were caused by the steps of the Chinese Government in 2006−2007. A quota for the production of rare earth raw materials in China in 2007 was adopted — 87 thousand tons, which amounted to 65% of the annual production volume of previous years, however, Chinese producers quota has been exceeded. According to OAO SMZ, in 2006, the extraction of rare earth raw materials in China amounted to 119 thousand tons (in terms of oxides). And in 2007 — 135 thousand tons (in terms of oxides), from which 125 thousand tons of the final product came out. World consumption of REE reaches 130 thousand tons per year.
Usage
The largest sector of world consumption of REE — 28.5% is occupied by catalysts for petrochemistry, the production of glass and polishing agents (24%). REE are also in demand in metallurgy, electrical engineering (production of rechargeable batteries), and in the production of special ceramics. Cerium is used in catalytic exhaust gas filters. In the production of magnets, dysprosium, neodymium, samarium are used; phosphors (yttrium, europium and terbium); capacitors — lanthanum; ceramics — yttrium, special optics — lanthanum and cerium. Cerium is also used to produce high-tech abrasives. Gadolinium, dysprosium, lanthanum are essential for coating x-ray films.
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