Purposes and methods of steel alloying
Metal alloying
People have been using alloys for a long time. Iron is an excellent construction material, but steels (an alloy with small amounts of additives added to the iron) make the metal stronger, harder, and more durable. For example, aluminum is a very light metal, but also very soft in its pure form. Additives of metals such as magnesium, manganese, and copper give a superior aluminum alloy called duraluminum.
Labeling
The alloying elements are designated by the following letters:
| Designation | Element | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Б | Nb | niobium |
| В | W | tungsten |
| Г | Mn | manganese |
| Д | Cu | copper |
| Е | Se | selenium |
| Л | Be | beryllium |
| М | Mo | molybdenum |
| Н | Ni | nickel |
| Р | Ce | cerium |
| С | Si | silicon |
| П | P | phosphorus |
| Ф | V | vanadium |
| Х | Cr | chromium |
| Ц | Zr | zirconium |
| Ю | Al | aluminum |
The letter, A can also stand for the addition of nitrogen to the alloy. Manganese may also be designated as Mg.
Alloying of semiconductors
In semiconductor fabrication, doping is considered an integral manufacturing process (along with deposition and etching). Its main purpose is to correct the type of conductivity and concentration of carriers in the semiconductor to achieve certain properties (to obtain the desired smoothness of the pn junction). The most common elements for doping silicon are phosphorus P and arsenic As (to obtain the n-type conductivity) and boron B (p-type).
Doping methods
Nowadays there are three different alloying techniques: ion implantation, thermodiffusion and neutron-transmutation alloying. Ion implantation is a technology of introducing atoms of dopant elements into a surface layer of a tape or foil by means of high energy beam bombardment (10-2000 keV) applied to create semiconductors with the required properties, donor or acceptor zones, as well as low-resistance contacts. Ion implantation is also used for metal alloying to impart hardness and wear resistance to the surface layer... Thermal diffusion - technology of introduction of atoms of alloying elements into an alloy under the influence of temperature gradient. The phenomenon was discovered in 1856 by the German chemist K. Ludwig and was studied by the Swiss scientist S. Saure.
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